Post on 27-Nov-2014
description
A (Brief) History of the Human Brain
John Borghi, PhD
Science InformationistRockefeller University
@JohnBorghi
• Ancient Brains
• Broken Brains:
• Electric Brains
• Stained Brains
• More Broken Brains
• Connected Brains
Front(Anterior)
Back(Posterior)
Top(Superior)
Bottom(Inferior)
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
The Edwin Smith Papyrus
ca. 1500 BCE
The Edwin Smith Papyrus
(Translation)
Case 6:
Instructions concerning a gaping wound in his head, penetrating to the bone, smashing his skull, and rending open the brain of his skull.
Examination: If thou examinest a man having a gaping wound in his head, penetrating to the bone, smashing his skull, and rending open the brain of his skull, thou shouldst palpate his wound. Shouldst thou find that smash which is in his skull like those corrugations which form in molten copper, and something therein throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers, like the weak place of an infant's crown before it becomes whole-when it has happened there is no throbbing and fluttering under thy fingers until the brain of his (the patient's) skull is rent open- and he discharges blood from both his nostrils, and he suffers with stiffness in his neck...
Diagnosis: Thou shouldst say concerning him: "An ailment not to be treated."
Treatment: Thou shouldst anoint that wound with grease. Thou shalt not bind it; thou shalt not apply two strips upon it: until thou knowest that he has reached a decisive point.
Gloss: As for: "Smashing his skull, (and) rending open the brain of his skull," it means the smash is large, opening to the interior of his skull, to the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head....
Fourth Century BCE
Plato:Based on the teaching of Socrates, the soul has three distinct parts. Each part affects our behavior in different ways.
Hippocrates: Based on observations made by Alcmaeon and others, the brain is the center of intelligence.
The heart is the center of intelligence.
Fourth Century BCE
Aristotle:
Galen: Different parts of the soul can be localized to different parts of the body. The rational aspect of the soul is located in the brain.
Second Century CE
Head
Liver
Heart
Plato Galen
The Immortal Soul
The Irascible Soul
The Appetitive Soul
Animal Spirit
Vital Spirit
Natural Spirit ·
·
·
Second Century CE
Fourth Century CE
Nemesius:Different functions can be localized to the different ventricles of the brain.
Fourth Century CE
Neuroscience in the Dark Ages
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 854–925
Hunayn ibn Ishaq809–873
Neuroscience in the Renaissance
René Descartes1596-1650
Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519
Andreas Vesalius1514-1564
Neuroscience in the Renaissance
Cartesian Dualism / Substance Dualism The mental does not have extension in space, and the material cannot think.
Thomas Willis1621-1675
Neuroscience in the Renaissance
Phrenology- 1810 ~ 1840
Franz Joseph Gall1758-1828
Johann Spurzheim1776-1832
Phrenology- 1810 ~ 1840
Napoleon Bonaparte1769-1821
Jean Pierre Flourens1794-1867
Examining Brain Injuries
Paul Broca1824-1880
Paul Broca1824-1880
Examining Brain Injuries
The brain of Victor Leborgne
Carl Wernicke1848-1905
Examining Brain Injuries
Phineas Gage1823-1860
Examining Brain Injuries
Phineas Gage1823-1860
Examining Brain Injuries
Digression: Moniz, Freeman, and the prefrontal lobotomy
Egas Moniz1874-1955
Rosemary Kennedy1918-2008
Luigi Galvani1737-1798
Electrical Brains
Gustav Fritsch1838-1927
Eduard Hitzig1838-1907
Electrical Brains
Electrical Brains
The Motor Strip
David Ferrier1848-1928
Electrical Brains
Electrical Brains
Wilder Penfield1891-1976
Wilder Penfield1891-1976
Electrical Brains
Hans Berger1874-1941
Electrical Brains
The Giant Squid Axon
Electrical Brains
Golgi Stain
A method for visualizing brain cells using silver nitrate and potassium dichromate
Stained Brains
Cam
illo
Gol
giSa
ntia
go R
amón
y C
ajal
It may seem strange that, since I have always been opposed to the neuron
theory – although acknowledging that its starting-point is to be found in
my own work – I have chosen this question of the neuron as the subject of
my lecture, and that it comes at a time when this doctrine is generally
recognized to be going out of favour.
The 1906 Nobel Lecture: Golgi vs. Cajal
In accordance with the tradition followed by the illustrious orators
honoured before me with the Nobel Prize, I am going to talk to you about
the principal results of my scientific work in the realm of the histology
and physiology of the nervous system.
Camillo Golgi
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Stained Brains
Karl Lashley1890-1958
Roger Sperry1913-1994
More Broken Brains
Henry Molaison aka Subject H.M.1926-2008
More Broken Brains
Magnetic Brains
Paul Lauterbur (1929-2007)-Develped first MRI in Stony Brook NY.
Peter Mansfield (1933-Present)-Conducted first MRI on human tissue.
Seigi Ogawa (1934-Present)-Developed methods for measuring BOLD signal to study brain activity.
Magnetic Brains
Magnetic Brains
Con
trol
Gro
upM
DD
Gro
up
-21 -11 9 14
-2 4 8 12 16 +4 +8+12-0.5
0.5
1.5
-2 4 8 12 16 +4 +8+12-0.5
0.5
1.5
Faces > Scenes
Faces Scenes
Time (s)
Time (s)
p < 0.001
Magnetic Brains
Anatomical Connections Connectogram
Magnetic Brains
Functional Connectivity