BAT213 COASTAL & MARINE ECOSYSTEM

PANTAI ACHEH + SUNGAI BURUNGBALIK PULAU

MEMBERS:YII JAU AN

POW SOK WENCHEY SIOK YIN

ELAINE CHENG EE LING

INTRODUCTION

Balik Pulau

• Specialties:• Durian • Nutmeg• Fruit pickles (jeruk)• Laksa e.g.Laksa Janggus

Demography

• The population range = 1000 - 2000• Total population = 195,600 (in year 2005)• Malay : 119,800 (61.25%)• Chinese : 52,300 (26.73%)• India : 12,100 (6.19%) • Others : 11,400 (5.83%)

Sites Visited

• Balik Pulau Market• Wet Market• Dry Market

• Mangrove site visited• Kampung Sungai Burung• Pantai Acheh

Balik Pulau Market

• Wet market• Dry market • Halal stall for Muslims

Next Station!

Pantai Acheh !!

Pantai Acheh

Pantai Acheh

• A small Chinese fishing community on the west coast of Penang Island.

• Located at the end of Jalan Pantai Acheh.

flatworm

Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest

Kampung Sungai Burung

Sungai Burung Mangrove Forest

• A famous stopover for the migratory birds because of abundance of shelter and food.

• The mangrove provided the villagers with a good catch when they fish near the coast, and sheltered the jetties

• This forest was the one of the hardest hit area in Penang in 26 December 2004.

“The Green War 2011’ campaign. The participants are planting the mangrove saplings along Sungai Burung, Penang

Why mangroves are most successful in low-lying regions

with relatively large tidal fluctuations?

Tidal fluctuationWhere evaporation is

very high, it wash excess salt away

preventing excessively high soil salinity concentrations

Reduction of competition

Alternating wetting and

drying

Transportation of relatively clean water

and nutrients in

Exporting wastes, detritus and sulfur

compounds

Effective dispersal of propagules

Reduction of competition

Salt water adaptations :

2 major methods mangroves use to

deal with living in salt water.

 

Root adaptations to soft, saline soils• Far-reaching, exposed roots. • Some species of mangroves have pneumataphores• Some mangroves species adapted to stop the intake of a lot

of the salt from the water before it reaches the plant.

Leaf adaptations to saline conditions• Reduction of transpiration rate on leaf surface to minimise

salt intake.• Tolerate the storage of large amounts of salt in their leaves .• Restrict the opening of their stomata.• Turn their leaves to reduce the surface area of the leaf

exposed to the hot sun.

Specific strategies of each mangrove

species

Prop root

Rhizophora apiculata

Laguncularia racemosa

Anaerobic adaptatio

ns :

Without Oxygen

Anaerobic

Anaerobic conditions, a challenge for mangroves

High salinity

Increase of salt concentration in the plant tissues

Damage the metabolic processes

Death of mangroves.

Reproduction

Unique reproductive strategies of the

mangrove species• Mangrove spreads seeds,

fruit, and/ or propagules.Hydrochory

• Mangrove embryo germinates while still attached.Vivipary

Important roles of mangroves in land stabilization and storm

protectionDuring extreme storms

and hurricanes, mangrove forests protect landward

coastal areas.

Mangroves trap, hold, and stabilize inter-tidal

sediments.

Prevent erosion.

Underground root systems which increase

sediment-holding capabilities.

Importance of mangroves for popution of marine organisms

Basis of a complex marine food chain

Creation of breeding habitat

Establishment of restrictive

impoinds that offer protection

for maturing offspring

Rhizophora apiculata

Laguncularia racemosa

The Economic Values of Balik Pulau

Mangrove

The Economic Values

• 2 modes:–Direct values–Indirect values

Direct Values

• Actual removal of mangrove community for– Personal consumption– Sold in the market• Local• International

• Example: – Firewood/ charcoal– Poles for construction works– Medicine

Indirect Values

• Use the mangrove without destroying the community.

• Examples:– Fisheries– Eco-tourism

Direct Uses of Mangrove

• Firewood/ charcoal• Poles for construction works• Medicine

Firewood/ Charcoal

• Trunks & branches – firewood– High calorific value – produce more heat.

• Process into charcoal– Absorbs odours and moisture in the air– Reliefs gastric problems/ indigestion

Poles for Construction Works

• As building foundation– Provides support for houses– Reasons:• Can withstand high humidity• Long-lasting compared to terrestrial wood

Medicine

• Leaf of Rhizophora apiculata– Active ingredients capable to inhibit the growth of

HIV-1 strains

** Presume more potentials in mangrove trees or other organisms

- New drugs produced

Indirect Uses of Mangrove

• Fisheries• Eco-tourism

Fisheries

• Suitable habitat for most of the seafood we consume– Examples: Prawns, fish, crabs

• Provides shelter & food source for juveniles and adult seafood

Fisheries

• Continuous supply to market– Prevent price hike in seafood during monsoon

season

Eco-tourism• Build bridges made up of mangrove tree poles– Ease visitors especially during high tides/ raining

season.– Access to zones with substrate too soft to be

stepped on– Ensure safety of visitors especially children

Eco-tourism

• Fisherman provides boat trip services– Brings visitors out to the sea– Visitors could understand• The life of fishermen• The way they earn a living• Fishing methods used• Share life experiences of fishermen in sea

– Expose urban kids to countryside lifestyles

Ways to Boost Tourism in Balik Pulau

• Food• Scenery

Food• A feast or carnival during the durian season, normally

May to July each year.• Herb garden in Kampung Jalan Bharu.• Special food presentation to attract attention– Fresh seafood cooked with herbs– Served in durian husks– Fruit pickles (jeruk) as appetizers– Nutmeg juice to quench thirst– Durian as dessert

• Taste all the delicacies in just 1 meal.

Scenery

• Scenic paddy fields– Relaxing– stress-releasing– Fresh air– Photography enthusiasts could snap shots

• Eagle watching– Unique as not so common in urban area

Human Impact

• Overfishing– Food sources, net size, greediness of fisherman

• Deforestation– firewood, construction wood, wood chip and pulp

production, charcoal production, and animal fodder

Human Impact

• Uses of mangrove land for urban development– agricultural land, anchoring of boats, human

settlements, resettlement activities, infrastructure, and industrial areas

• Pollution– Fertilizers, pesticides, discharge of industrial

effluent, Solid waste dumping, pollutants, and sewage

Tsunami(The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake)

• On 26 December 2004.• Involved 18 countries.• Triggered by an earthquake (measuring 9 of

the Richter scale) in Indian Ocean.• Penang and Kedah affected most.

Impacts of Tsunami on Ecosystem

• Physical removal of flora and fauna.• increased sediment load - will kill sediment

sensitive corals and sea grasses by smothering.

• Increased turbidity of coastal water.• Eutrophication.• Escape of exotic (introduced) species used for

aquaculture.

Role of Mangrove During the Tsunami

• The areas shielded by mangrove forests received minimal destructible effects from the huge tidal wave.

• Reduce the wave energy from Tsunami.• Reduce erosion of beaches.

Thank You