SWINE NUTRITIONSWINE NUTRITION

Single stomach Eat feed low in fiber Humans are also

non-ruminants

1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small Intestine 5. Large Intestine

Breaks down feedstuffs into …..

simple chemical parts…..

so the pig can absorb…..

and utilize them .

Breaks down feed stuffs by chewing

Adds saliva to help in digestion

Muscles contract to move the food down to the stomach

Adds digestive juices to break down food

The small intestine….The small intestine….

Mixes secretions Absorbs nutrients

Storage and formation of feces

Absorption of water Secretion and

reabsorption of electrolytes

Non-ruminantNon-ruminant

Abomasum- true stomach depends on digestive enzymes pepsin, rennin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, HCL Needs

energy (fat and CHO), protein (a.a.), minerals (Ca:P 1.2:1 to 1.5:1), vitamins, water, antibiotics and other additives

Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition

Basic diet is Corn and Soybean Meal standard ration based on cereal grains,

SBM, vit., minerals, additives majority buys a SBM pre-mix to add to

corn or milo

Energy sourcesEnergy sources

cereal grains -CHO Fat Protein

Cereal Grains- CHO ValuesCereal Grains- CHO Values

corn- 100% energy value - 8% CP wheat - 99% use 12.5 % CP milo - 96% (more variable on protein

content) use 8% CP when unknown

FEEDSFEEDS

Definition- any ingredients or material fed to animals for purposes of sustaining them

Classes of Feeds roughages concentrates by-products protein supplements minerals, vitamins, and additives

Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition

Concentrates - high in energy, low in fiber and < 20% protein

corn, barley, milo, wheat, rye, oats thumb rules - ok in P, low in Ca

low in vitamins, except for beta carotene (A) protein and minerals are low

Corn is high in energy, low in fiber and palatable (7-9% protein)

Swine NutritionSwine Nutrition

Proteins - high in nitrogen protein quality - amino acids

essential vs non-essential limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine &

typtophan); sometimes threonine

Protein SourcesProtein Sources

Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, Meat and Bone Meal, Peanut Meal; not Cottonseed Meal (gossypol toxicity)

NPN= non-protein nitrogen- not for swine or poultry

Classes of FeedsClasses of Feeds

Vitamins natural, synthetics water vs fat soluble classification A,D,& E are most common in ruminants A, D, & E and B vit. re needed for non-

ruminants

VitaminsVitamins

Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic Acid B12 Choline Vit A E

Minerals- need 10Minerals- need 10

macro or major- Ca, P, NaCl trace - Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Si, Se

Classes of FeedsClasses of Feeds

Special Feeds Fats and oils (increase calories without bulk)

Feed additives increase efficiency of gain, prevent diseases,

preserve the feed antibiotics, hormones, paylean, navigator, etc.

SwineSwineCreep FeedingCreep Feeding

start at 3-10 days high protein and sugar switch at 40 lbs adv. - uniformity, increase weaning weight,

decreases mortality, scours, weight loss by sow and setback when weaned

Swine Feeding StagesSwine Feeding Stages

starter pig ration at 10- 50 lbs (18%) grower ration at 50 - 100/125 lbs (16%) finishing ration at 125-250 lbs (12-14%)

Swine FeedingSwine Feeding

feed efficiency should be around 3:1 3 lbs of feed to yield one pound of wt. gain full vs limit feeding for growing-finishing replacement gilts should receive 4 lbs/day increase feed 2-3 X during lactation

Swine Feeding cont.Swine Feeding cont.

Sows and boars is condition dependent can add peanut or alfalfa hay (limited) do not over feed

Swine Feeding cont.Swine Feeding cont.

Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the makeup of fat caused by feeding certain feeds: ie. too much peanut meal

Trichinosis - traditionally garbage fed swine

FUNCTION OF FEEDSFUNCTION OF FEEDS

Maintenance- a ration which is adequate to prevent any loss or gain of tissue in the body when there is no production the difference in energy needs are related to the

amount of activity Growth- increase in size of muscles, bones,

internal and external parts of the body (the foundation of animal production)

Finishing- the laying on or deposition of fat

Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs

Physical- stage of plant maturity, foreign material, etc.

Cost/Unit of nutrient Protein ex. SBM @ $6.00/cwt. @ 44% c.p. 100 X .44=44 lb of crude protein from cwt of SBM $6.00/44 = $.136 per pound of protein OR $320/ton for 44 % SBM = 2000 X .44 = 880; $320/ 880 = $.36 per pound of

protein for corn

Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs

observe: palatability, grade, preparation, ingredient

combination, and quantity fed Chemical Analysis- proximate analysis

protein, fat, moisture, and ash (minerals) Digestion trial example

Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs

Measuring Energy TDN= sum total of the digestible protein, fiber,

and nitrogen free extract, and fat X 2.25 Calorie or Net Energy system

Net Energy= gross energy-fecal energy-gaseous energy-urinary energy-heat increment

gross energy = combustion heat

Evaluation of FeedstuffsEvaluation of Feedstuffs

digestible energy = portion of gross energy that is not excreted in feces

Metabolic energy = portion of gross energy that is not lost in feces, urine and gas

heat increment = difference between ME & NE heat unavoidably produced by an animal in

digestion and metabolism

Pigs: we use DE more often

How to Balance a RationHow to Balance a Ration

Consideration points availability and cost of feedstuffs moisture content composition of feedstuffs nutrient allowances composition of ration needed

How to Balance a RationHow to Balance a Ration

Methods Pearson Square Trial and error Net energy Computer

Commercial Feed SelectionCommercial Feed Selection

Reputation of the mfg. Needs Feed tag guarantee Flexible formulas

Home vs Commercial Mixed Home vs Commercial Mixed FeedsFeeds

Options commercially prepared purchase grain and add protein supplement use home grown grain and add protein suppl. purchase commercial feed and add only mineral

and vitamin pre-mix add all indiv. ingredients

Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems

Hand vs Self feeding Self feeding advantages

less labor increase feed consumption increase gains and earlier marketing not likely to go off feed time and $$$$ saved by bulk feeding

Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems

Self feeding disadvantages unless mixed correctly, animals tend to select

grain and discard roughage; therefore, grind it find or pelletizing is essential

increase cost, if more concentrate is fed Other

pigs- add ground alfalfa

Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems

Creep feeding- the supplemental feeding of young nursing

animals in an enclosure which is accessible to them but not to their parent

gains for young animals are cheap gains due to less fat content in young animals and less consumption/body wt.

adv.- increases weaning wt., uniformity, achieve genetic potential, assists first sows, etc.

Feeding SystemsFeeding Systems

Feeds should not be abruptly changed Check for Nutrient deficiencies

Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies

Protein depressed appetite, lower energy intake, loss of

weight, slower growth, irregular or delayed estrus, reduced milk production

Major Minerals Ca & P - rickets (fragile bones) Salt - coarse hair coat, loss of appetite I - goiter, poor growth, listlessness

Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies

Mn - weak legs Zn - rough skin- parakeratosis Fe - anemia Se - white muscle disease Co - weakness, loss of appetite Cu - severe diarrhea, weight loss, rough,

coarse, bleached coat, anemia

Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies

Vitamins A - most likely, esp. in confinement animals

beta carotene is essential

D - rickets, osteomalacia in mature animals E - white muscle disease (Se related) K - Excessive bleeding (coagulant Vit) B & C ruminants (No problem); yet with non-

ruminants; yes, there can be a problem

Nutrient DeficienciesNutrient Deficiencies

Water source major constituent of the body determined by rate of gain, lactation, reprod,

environment, activity, feed intake, etc. salt (>1% = toxic)

Nutritional deficiencies come by too little or too moldy (<200 ppm aflatoxin in corn)

Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds

Coarsesness of grinding- hogs prefer coarse particle size, however, we see an increase FE with decreasing the grind size because of increased digestibility, but too finely ground feeds aggravate the stomach and cause ulcers

Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds

Pelleting- costly, improves digestibility, size (smaller the better), increases the value of a high fiber diet, improves feed efficiency

High moisture or reconstituted- slight increase in FE, yet problems in the summer (mold)

Preparation of FeedsPreparation of Feeds

Wetting or soaking- decreases wastage, saves labor, increases gains and FE , Yet gets soured in the summer

Relative effect of protein Relative effect of protein deficiencydeficiency

carcass characteristics feed efficiency gain/growth