Post on 03-Jun-2018
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Overview of Localisation
Technologies
ASK-IT for Technical Providers
13th October 2005 - Stuttgart
Richard Fairchildr.g.fairchild@ncl.ac.uk
School of Civil Engineering & GeosciencesPGR Centre, Cassie Building,
University of Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 7RU, England
With RFID/Smartdust and Galileo
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ASK-IT Outline
to provide personalised, configurable,intuitive and context-related applicationsand services. These will be derived from a
number of sources and will be madeavailable via a web-based system servinga variety of fixed and mobile devices.
(ASK-IT Outline)
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Contents
ASK-IT Outline
Technology in context
Satellite technologies
RFIDSmartdust
Mobile phone based technologies
Wireless network based technologiesSummary
Conclusion
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Context: User location
Outdoors
Dense urban cities
Low density urban suburbs
Open areas recreation grounds, touristareas
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Context: User profile
Pedestrian Weight
Power
Portability Discreteness
Compatibility
Smartphone PDA
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Context: User profile
PDA in-car
Full in-car solution
Transport user Integration
Power
Display Private / Public
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Contents
ASK-IT OutlineTechnology in context
Satellite technologies
RFIDSmartdust
Mobile phone based technologies
Wireless network based technologiesSummary
Conclusion
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Satellite Technologies
Galileo
GPS
Differential
Corrections EGNOS
SISNeT
GPS Satellite
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Galileo Launch Schedule
Currently lab testing Galileo test bed satellite
launch end 2005
Test campaign for 2.5
years Secure Galileo
frequencies
Atomic clock
characterisation Test signals broadcast
Operating environmentsurveyed
Image: ESA
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Galileo Constellation Population
Launch by Ariane 5
Europes heavylauncher
Up to 10 tonnespayload mass
Capable of holding 8
Galileo satellites
Payload of 8 Galileo satellites
Image: Astrium
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Galileo Services
OS two free civilsignals
CS provides addedvalue
PRS for securityagencies
SoL gives integrity
warnings SAR for fast rescue
operations
Open Service (OS) Commercial Service
(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue
(SAR)
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Galileo Services
Free open accessservice for civilianusers.
Provides position,timing and velocityinformation
Two frequencies,support for singlefrequency users
Open Service (OS)
Commercial Service(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue(SAR)
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Galileo Services
Provides added value External agencies able to
buy bandwidth
Built on top of OS
Two further frequencies
Data carrier available fortransmission of data such
as maps/charts,databases & correctiondata
Open Service (OS)
Commercial Service(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue(SAR)
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Galileo Services
Devoted to securityagencies
Anti-spoofing and
anti-jamming
Open Service (OS)
Commercial Service(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue(SAR)
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Galileo Services
Provides integritywarnings to OS users
12 m horizontal
20 m vertical 6 seconds time to
alarm
Free service, thoughcharge for equipment(tbc)
Open Service (OS)
Commercial Service(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue(SAR)
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Galileo Services
Provides addedfunctionality on top ofcurrent SARSAT /
COSPAS Uses data carrier for
acknowledgements
Accurate position attime of alert
Open Service (OS)
Commercial Service(CS)
Public RegulatedService (PRS)
Safety of Life (SoL)
Search & Rescue(SAR)
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Galileo Performance
Open ServiceCarriers Single Frequency Dual-FrequencyComputes
Integrity
No
Type of ReceiverI onospheric
correction
Based on simple
model
Based on dual-
frequency
measurements
Coverage GlobalAccuracy (95%) H: 15 m
V: 35 mH: 4 mV: 8m
Alarm Limit
Time-To-Alarm
Integrity
I ntegrity ri sk
Not Applicable
Continu ity Risk 8x10-6/15 s
Timing Accuracy wrt UTC/TA I Not defined 50 nsec
Certification/Liability No No
Availability 99 % - 99.9 %
Service Performance for Open Service with the Satel l i te Navigation Signals
only and without any other augmentations.
From Forrest W. 2002
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GPS
GPS and Galileo verysimilar
Differences Galileo two civil
frequencies from start
GPS one civilfrequency, one morein future
SoL life service notavailable with GPS(currently)
28 mVertical accuracy
15 mHorizontal accuracy
95% Confidence
4 mVertical accuracy
2 mHorizontal accuracy
95% Confidence
Ref: users.erols.com
Average GPS accuracy
Average GPS accuracy with differential correction
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GNSS Multipath Effects
(Evans, J., 2005)
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(Evans, J., 2005)
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(Evans, J., 2005)
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Differential Corrections
DGPS, WAAS etc. Basic theory:
Two receivers, stationary known position and
roving receiver Stationary receiver works out timing signals from
GNSS coordinates and its known position
Stationary receiver compares real with receivers Difference is correction factor
Transmitted in local area
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Augmentation technologies
EGNOS European Geostationary
Navigation OverlayService
Three satellites Contains information
about accuracy andreliability plus correctionaldata
Allows users to determineposition to about 5meters
Operational early 2006
SISNeT Signal in Space over
internet Gives access to wide area
differential correctionsincluding EGNOS integritymessages
Gets over problems thatsatellites have in urbanareas including EGNOS
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EGNOS Demonstration
Used in German round of World RallyChampionships in August
Simultaneous recording of GPS and
EGNOS data
Comparison of positing by displaying GPSand EGNOS position of the car relative tohighly accurately surveyed track
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EGNOS Demonstration
ll h l f l
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Satellite Technology for Localisation
Points to consider: Outdoor
Large error block size
Urban canyons
Indoor? Signals through (wireless)
internet
Compactness of current
devices Low cost mature
technology
C t t
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Contents
ASK-IT OutlineTechnology in context
Satellite technologies
RFIDSmartdust
Mobile phone based technologies
Wireless network based technologiesSummary
Conclusion
RFID S t
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RFID System
Radio Frequency IDentification A complete RFID system has three key
components and maybe extended
Image: GAO
RFID S t T
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RFID System - Tags
Quite mature technology Friend of Foe -1939
Comprises of antenna(wire coil), microchip and
is most often stuck to theunderside of a label
Uses: Security (stock)
Inventory systems
Freight handlingThe back (underside) of a typical
simple RFID tag
Image: GAO
RFID
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RFID
RFID T Cl ifi ti
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RFID Tag Classification
By power: Passive
Not powered
Active Has internal battery orconnected to anexternal power source
Hence greater cost
By radio frequencytransmission ability:
Passive RF Can only transmit data
by reflecting incomingelectromagnetic waves
Active RF Can transmit data by
using internal powersource to power aerialand microchip
RFID Tag Classification
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RFID Tag Classification
By tag type: Type I
Read-only
Type II Read/write
Type II+
As type II but withenhanced externalfeatures
Type II++ As type II but with
serial connection
Type III Read/write plus LCDdisplay
Type IV
Read/write assmartcard
RFID Sytem Reader
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RFID Sytem - Reader
RF passive, non-poweredtags:
Reader initiatesconversation
Reader emits RF energythat cause a current flowin the antenna andpowers the chip
Reader extracts datafrom the chip via theantenna and powers off
Proximity smartcard and reader
RFID reader in stock room (www.philips.com)
RFID System Reader
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RFID System - Reader
Powered, RF active tags: Reader or tag may initiate
conversation
Tag uses power source to
power microchip andsend data via antenna
Range is larger than RFpassive tags
Read write tags may havenew data written e.g.road user charging
Image: www.cs.hku.hk/~clwang/
Image: www.derwinbell.co
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ate Road-91 Express Lanes (SR91) in Orange
ounty, CA the first totally automated electronic tollllection s stem in the U.S
RFID Performance Characteristics
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RFID Performance Characteristics
10 100
tags / s
100
1000
tags / s
RFID Tags Size and Costs
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RFID Tags Size and Costs
Size: any size, from incar units smartcards stock labels millimetre dimensions
Cost: average pricefor passive type I tagsaround 0,15 - 0,40
Ultra small in largequantities 0,05
More complex tagswith longtransmission range 17 ($20)
A 0.25mm2 RFID tagImage: smartcode
RFID Standards
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RFID Standards
EPCglobal Class 1 Generation 2 RFIDSpecification
Establishes a single UHF specification over
several previous ones Sets minimum read and write speeds to
500 / 30 tags/sec
RFID for Localisation
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RFID for Localisation
RFID tags indoorways, lifts, shopfronts, breadcrumbtrail
Map databaseintegrated into reader
Considerations:
Power Range
Low cost simple tags
Newcastle Smart Sign Project
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Newcastle Smart Sign Project
SmartSignNCLU/0008
www.smartsign.co.uk
Contents
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Contents
ASK-IT OutlineTechnology in context
Satellite technologies
RFIDSmartdust
Cellular phone based technologies
Wireless network technologies
Summary
Conclusion
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Ad Hoc Networks
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Ad Hoc Networks
Smartdust @ Newcastle
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Smartdust @ Newcastle
ASTRA project Smartdust corridor
Network reporting of
bus position Demonstration of use
for localisation
Various MSc projects
Newcastle Smartdust Corridor
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Newcastle Smartdust Corridor
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Mobile phone based technologies
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Mobile phone based technologies
Cellular mobile phonebased GSM (TDMA)
Triangulation method giveshorizontal accuracy of 50 200 meters
3G (CDMA) Smaller sized cells with
greater overlappingaccuracy more than that ofTDMA networks
4G phones will have GPSchips inside to allow thephone to calculate itsposition
Mobile phone based technologies
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Mobile phone based technologies
Mobile Phone Features Good in urban areaswhere cells overlap
Can be used indoors withadditional network access
points e.g. Metrocentrethough leaky coaxial notsuitable
Tend to have goodnetwork strength around
major road networks Limited signal in remote
areas
Wireless Networks
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Wireless Networks
Wireless networks Infrastructure based
e.g. university network,device can detect range tonearest access points and
calculate position Mobile ad-hoc
Allows information fromdevices with knowledge topass to other devices and
so on e.g. traffic jams Bluetooth
Smartdust
Key Issues
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y
1. Technology must be compatible with theusers mode of travel and applicationarea
2. Accuracy of localisation signal3. Compatibility with existing equipment
4. Unit cost
5. Combination & redundancy oftechnologies
References and links
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Kennedy Groupwww.kennedygrp.com
European Space Agencywww.esa.int
SmartCode Corp.www.smartcodecorp.com
United StatesGovernment
Accountability Office
www.gao.gov EPCglobal Inc.
www.epcglobalinc.org
Intel www.intel-research.net
Xbow www.xbow.com
Evans, J. 2005, Central
London CongestionCharging Scheme,presentation, October 7th