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Overview of Localisation

Technologies

ASK-IT for Technical Providers

13th October 2005 - Stuttgart

Richard [email protected]

School of Civil Engineering & GeosciencesPGR Centre, Cassie Building,

University of Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 7RU, England

With RFID/Smartdust and Galileo


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ASK-IT Outline

to provide personalised, configurable,intuitive and context-related applicationsand services. These will be derived from a

number of sources and will be madeavailable via a web-based system servinga variety of fixed and mobile devices.

(ASK-IT Outline)


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Contents

ASK-IT Outline

Technology in context

Satellite technologies

RFIDSmartdust

Mobile phone based technologies

Wireless network based technologiesSummary

Conclusion


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Context: User location

Outdoors

Dense urban cities

Low density urban suburbs

Open areas recreation grounds, touristareas


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Context: User profile

Pedestrian Weight

Power

Portability Discreteness

Compatibility

Smartphone PDA


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Context: User profile

PDA in-car

Full in-car solution

Transport user Integration

Power

Display Private / Public


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Contents

ASK-IT OutlineTechnology in context


RFIDSmartdust



Conclusion


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Satellite Technologies

Galileo

GPS

Differential

Corrections EGNOS

SISNeT

GPS Satellite


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Galileo Launch Schedule

Currently lab testing Galileo test bed satellite

launch end 2005

Test campaign for 2.5

years Secure Galileo

frequencies

Atomic clock

characterisation Test signals broadcast

Operating environmentsurveyed

Image: ESA


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Galileo Constellation Population

Launch by Ariane 5

Europes heavylauncher

Up to 10 tonnespayload mass

Capable of holding 8

Galileo satellites

Payload of 8 Galileo satellites

Image: Astrium


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Galileo Services

OS two free civilsignals

CS provides addedvalue

PRS for securityagencies

SoL gives integrity

warnings SAR for fast rescue

operations

Open Service (OS) Commercial Service

(CS)

Public RegulatedService (PRS)

Safety of Life (SoL)

Search & Rescue

(SAR)


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Galileo Services

Free open accessservice for civilianusers.

Provides position,timing and velocityinformation

Two frequencies,support for singlefrequency users

Open Service (OS)

Commercial Service(CS)



Search & Rescue(SAR)


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Galileo Services

Provides added value External agencies able to

buy bandwidth

Built on top of OS

Two further frequencies

Data carrier available fortransmission of data such

as maps/charts,databases & correctiondata

Open Service (OS)






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Galileo Services

Devoted to securityagencies

Anti-spoofing and

anti-jamming

Open Service (OS)






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Galileo Services

Provides integritywarnings to OS users

12 m horizontal

20 m vertical 6 seconds time to

alarm

Free service, thoughcharge for equipment(tbc)

Open Service (OS)






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Galileo Services

Provides addedfunctionality on top ofcurrent SARSAT /

COSPAS Uses data carrier for

acknowledgements

Accurate position attime of alert

Open Service (OS)






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Galileo Performance

Open ServiceCarriers Single Frequency Dual-FrequencyComputes

Integrity

No

Type of ReceiverI onospheric

correction

Based on simple

model

Based on dual-

frequency

measurements

Coverage GlobalAccuracy (95%) H: 15 m

V: 35 mH: 4 mV: 8m

Alarm Limit

Time-To-Alarm

Integrity

I ntegrity ri sk

Not Applicable

Continu ity Risk 8x10-6/15 s

Timing Accuracy wrt UTC/TA I Not defined 50 nsec

Certification/Liability No No

Availability 99 % - 99.9 %

Service Performance for Open Service with the Satel l i te Navigation Signals

only and without any other augmentations.

From Forrest W. 2002


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GPS

GPS and Galileo verysimilar

Differences Galileo two civil

frequencies from start

GPS one civilfrequency, one morein future

SoL life service notavailable with GPS(currently)

28 mVertical accuracy

15 mHorizontal accuracy

95% Confidence

4 mVertical accuracy

2 mHorizontal accuracy

95% Confidence

Ref: users.erols.com

Average GPS accuracy

Average GPS accuracy with differential correction


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GNSS Multipath Effects

(Evans, J., 2005)


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(Evans, J., 2005)


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(Evans, J., 2005)


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Differential Corrections

DGPS, WAAS etc. Basic theory:

Two receivers, stationary known position and

roving receiver Stationary receiver works out timing signals from

GNSS coordinates and its known position

Stationary receiver compares real with receivers Difference is correction factor

Transmitted in local area


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Augmentation technologies

EGNOS European Geostationary

Navigation OverlayService

Three satellites Contains information

about accuracy andreliability plus correctionaldata

Allows users to determineposition to about 5meters

Operational early 2006

SISNeT Signal in Space over

internet Gives access to wide area

differential correctionsincluding EGNOS integritymessages

Gets over problems thatsatellites have in urbanareas including EGNOS


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EGNOS Demonstration

Used in German round of World RallyChampionships in August

Simultaneous recording of GPS and

EGNOS data

Comparison of positing by displaying GPSand EGNOS position of the car relative tohighly accurately surveyed track


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EGNOS Demonstration

ll h l f l


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Satellite Technology for Localisation

Points to consider: Outdoor

Large error block size

Urban canyons

Indoor? Signals through (wireless)

internet

Compactness of current

devices Low cost mature

technology

C t t


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Contents



RFIDSmartdust



Conclusion

RFID S t


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RFID System

Radio Frequency IDentification A complete RFID system has three key

components and maybe extended

Image: GAO

RFID S t T


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RFID System - Tags

Quite mature technology Friend of Foe -1939

Comprises of antenna(wire coil), microchip and

is most often stuck to theunderside of a label

Uses: Security (stock)

Inventory systems

Freight handlingThe back (underside) of a typical

simple RFID tag

Image: GAO

RFID


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RFID

RFID T Cl ifi ti


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RFID Tag Classification

By power: Passive

Not powered

Active Has internal battery orconnected to anexternal power source

Hence greater cost

By radio frequencytransmission ability:

Passive RF Can only transmit data

by reflecting incomingelectromagnetic waves

Active RF Can transmit data by

using internal powersource to power aerialand microchip



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By tag type: Type I

Read-only

Type II Read/write

Type II+

As type II but withenhanced externalfeatures

Type II++ As type II but with

serial connection

Type III Read/write plus LCDdisplay

Type IV

Read/write assmartcard

RFID Sytem Reader


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RFID Sytem - Reader

RF passive, non-poweredtags:

Reader initiatesconversation

Reader emits RF energythat cause a current flowin the antenna andpowers the chip

Reader extracts datafrom the chip via theantenna and powers off

Proximity smartcard and reader

RFID reader in stock room (www.philips.com)

RFID System Reader


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RFID System - Reader

Powered, RF active tags: Reader or tag may initiate

conversation

Tag uses power source to

power microchip andsend data via antenna

Range is larger than RFpassive tags

Read write tags may havenew data written e.g.road user charging

Image: www.cs.hku.hk/~clwang/

Image: www.derwinbell.co


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ate Road-91 Express Lanes (SR91) in Orange

ounty, CA the first totally automated electronic tollllection s stem in the U.S

RFID Performance Characteristics


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RFID Performance Characteristics

10 100

tags / s

100

1000

tags / s

RFID Tags Size and Costs


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RFID Tags Size and Costs

Size: any size, from incar units smartcards stock labels millimetre dimensions

Cost: average pricefor passive type I tagsaround 0,15 - 0,40

Ultra small in largequantities 0,05

More complex tagswith longtransmission range 17 ($20)

A 0.25mm2 RFID tagImage: smartcode

RFID Standards


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RFID Standards

EPCglobal Class 1 Generation 2 RFIDSpecification

Establishes a single UHF specification over

several previous ones Sets minimum read and write speeds to

500 / 30 tags/sec

RFID for Localisation


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RFID for Localisation

RFID tags indoorways, lifts, shopfronts, breadcrumbtrail

Map databaseintegrated into reader

Considerations:

Power Range

Low cost simple tags

Newcastle Smart Sign Project


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Newcastle Smart Sign Project

SmartSignNCLU/0008

www.smartsign.co.uk

Contents


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Contents



RFIDSmartdust

Cellular phone based technologies

Wireless network technologies

Summary

Conclusion


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Ad Hoc Networks


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Ad Hoc Networks

Smartdust @ Newcastle


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Smartdust @ Newcastle

ASTRA project Smartdust corridor

Network reporting of

bus position Demonstration of use

for localisation

Various MSc projects

Newcastle Smartdust Corridor


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Newcastle Smartdust Corridor


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Cellular mobile phonebased GSM (TDMA)

Triangulation method giveshorizontal accuracy of 50 200 meters

3G (CDMA) Smaller sized cells with

greater overlappingaccuracy more than that ofTDMA networks

4G phones will have GPSchips inside to allow thephone to calculate itsposition



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Mobile Phone Features Good in urban areaswhere cells overlap

Can be used indoors withadditional network access

points e.g. Metrocentrethough leaky coaxial notsuitable

Tend to have goodnetwork strength around

major road networks Limited signal in remote

areas

Wireless Networks


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Wireless Networks

Wireless networks Infrastructure based

e.g. university network,device can detect range tonearest access points and

calculate position Mobile ad-hoc

Allows information fromdevices with knowledge topass to other devices and

so on e.g. traffic jams Bluetooth

Smartdust

Key Issues


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y

1. Technology must be compatible with theusers mode of travel and applicationarea

2. Accuracy of localisation signal3. Compatibility with existing equipment

4. Unit cost

5. Combination & redundancy oftechnologies

References and links


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Kennedy Groupwww.kennedygrp.com

European Space Agencywww.esa.int

SmartCode Corp.www.smartcodecorp.com

United StatesGovernment

Accountability Office

www.gao.gov EPCglobal Inc.

www.epcglobalinc.org

Intel www.intel-research.net

Xbow www.xbow.com

Evans, J. 2005, Central

London CongestionCharging Scheme,presentation, October 7th

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