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Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
CORCOREE
5.1/2 Specific adaptations, 5.1/2 Specific adaptations, including predator-prey including predator-prey
relationshipsrelationships
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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There are three major types of environment. What are they?
land freshwater marine
How do organisms survive in such different environments?
Different types of environment
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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Learning objectivesKQ: How do specific animals and
plants adapt to their environment?
Know that• Animals and plants must be adapted Animals and plants must be adapted
to live in a variety of climates, to live in a variety of climates, including extreme environments.including extreme environments.
• There are general adaptations and There are general adaptations and specific adaptations.specific adaptations.
• Know the differences between Know the differences between predator and prey relationships.predator and prey relationships.
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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What are a shark’s general adaptations to life in an aquatic environment?
Task 1: A shark’s general adaptations
streamlined shape to reduce friction when moving through water
gills have a large surface area so that oxygen can be extracted from the surrounding water
fins provide stability, power and control
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What are a shark’s specific adaptations to life as an aquatic predator?
Task 2: A shark’s specific adaptations
highly sensitive sense of smell that can detect drops of blood from miles away
lots of very sharp teeth that are constantly replaced
silver colouring underneath acts as camouflage
specialized sense organs can detect the sound, movement and electrical fields of other organisms
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True or false?
Task 3: Mini Plenary
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A predator is an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.
A prey animal is one that is attacked and eaten by a predator.
Predators can be either:
Animals that eat other animals
carnivorous (eat meat only) e.g. wolves
omnivorous (eat meat and vegetation) e.g. humans.
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Predators are adapted to hunt, catch and eat prey.
Prey are adapted to avoid capture from predators.
How are predators and prey adapted?
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Task 4: Adaptations of predatorsWhat are common predator adaptations for hunting and killing?
Excellent vision – For spotting prey from far away. Many predators have binocular vision to accurately judge the distance of their prey.
High speed – For chasing after prey. Predators often stalk their prey using stealth and sometimes camouflage to get as close as possible without being detected.
Weapons – For killing prey. These are predominantly sharp teeth, claws and beaks, which enable the predator to hold their prey and tear their flesh.
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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Task 5: Adaptations of prey
What are common prey adaptations for avoiding capture by predators?
Excellent vision – For spotting predators from far away. Many prey have a wide field of view to see predators approaching from all different directions.
High speed – For escaping from predators. Prey animals such as deer and antelopes often have a high stamina to keep running for longer than their predators.
Camouflage – For hiding from predators. For example, the stripes on a zebra break up their outline, stick insects look like twigs, some insects look like leaves.
Defence – For protection against attack. Examples include armour plating, horns and tusks.
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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The snowshoe hare lives in northern parts of North America. How is it adapted to avoid predators such as lynxes?
Task 6: Adaptations of the snowshoe hare
greyish-brown fur turns white in winter for camouflage
large furry feet act as snow shoes and protect the soles from cold
large ears help in detecting predators
monocular vision with a wide field of view to see predators approaching
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How are lynxes adapted for catching snowshoe hares?
Task 7: Adaptations of the lynx
excellent binocular vision for judging distances
warm thick furry coat protects from the cold
extra large paws act as snow shoes
sharp teeth and claws for puncturing flesh
very strong hind leg muscles capable of pouncing 6.5 metres!
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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Task 8: Using poisonPoison has evolved as an adaptation of predators and prey.
Organisms such as snakes, spiders and insects use poison to paralyze or kill prey.
Other organisms use poison as a defence. Certain tropical frogs have poisonous skin that can make predators very ill or even die.
They are often brightly coloured to deter predators from even trying to attack them.
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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Task 9: Let’s pretendSome harmless organisms have become adapted to look like dangerous species. This is called mimicry.
For example, stingless hoverflies have black and yellow bands on their bodies that resemble those on wasps or bees.
This warns predators to stay away, even though the hoverflyis incapable of stinging.
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PredatorPredator BothBoth PreyPrey
camouflagecamouflage MimicryMimicry High speedHigh speed
Sharp Sharp teeth/clawsteeth/claws
Binocular Binocular visionvision
Wide field of Wide field of viewview
PoisonPoison
Task: Mini plenary
PredatorPredator BothBoth PreyPrey
Sharp Sharp teeth/clawsteeth/claws
High speedHigh speed Wide field of Wide field of viewview
Binocular Binocular visionvision
PoisonPoison MimicryMimicry
camouflagecamouflage
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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How is a polar bear adapted to its extremely cold climate?
Task 10: How is a polar bear adapted?
white greasy fur repels water and acts as camouflage
thick fur and body fat insulate from the cold
large, wide feet spread the body’s weight and act as good paddles and snow shoes
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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Other adaptations that polar bears have evolved to cope with conditions in the harsh polar environment include:
More specific polar bears adaptations
small ears and small body surface area to volume ratio reduces heat loss
eyes have brown irises to reduce the glare from the Sun’s reflection
black skin is a good absorber of heat
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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How is a camel adapted to life in a very hot, dry climate?
Task 11: How is a camel adapted?
fat is stored in the hump to reduce overheating
little water is lost through sweating or urination
long, thin legs help to increase body surface area and increase heat loss
wide feet spread out body weight on shifting sand
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What other adaptations have camels evolved to cope with the harsh desert environment?
More camel adaptations
nostrils can be closed for protection during sandstorms
very varied diet, ranging from grass and bark to thorns and bones.
long eyelashes and furry ears prevent sand and dust from getting in
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Which adaptation?
Task: Mini plenary
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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There are a few desert plants There are a few desert plants with broad leaves and hence a with broad leaves and hence a large SA. These leaves curl to large SA. These leaves curl to catch any dew in the cold catch any dew in the cold evenings, which is then evenings, which is then funnelled to their shallow funnelled to their shallow roots.roots. Other plants in dry Other plants in dry
environments have curled environments have curled leaves which reduces the leaves which reduces the surface area and traps a layer surface area and traps a layer of moist air around the leaf of moist air around the leaf which reduces the amount of which reduces the amount of water they lose by evaporation.water they lose by evaporation.
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Most plants that live in dry Most plants that live in dry environments have a reduced environments have a reduced surface area. surface area. Why?Why?
What other leaf characteristics What other leaf characteristics are good for desert living?are good for desert living?
Why do plants need water?Why do plants need water?
How do plants lose water from How do plants lose water from their leaves?their leaves?
Why do plants often reduce the Why do plants often reduce the SA of their leaves to help them SA of their leaves to help them prevent water loss?prevent water loss?
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Plant adaptations in the Desert• Plants like cacti have
adaptations such as very deep or wide root systems to collect as much water as possible.
• Plants that live in dry areas also need adaptations to reduce the amount of water they lose
• They lose water through tiny holes (stomata) in their leaves when they make food by photosynthesis.
• On your diagram illustrate with words how plants are adapted to different environments
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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How is a cactus adapted to life in a very hot, dry climate?
Task 12: How is a cactus adapted?
water stored in a fleshy stem, and a thick, waxy surface reduces water loss
leaves are narrow spines to reduce water loss and protect from predators
roots are either very deep, or shallow and widespread to catch surface water
Biology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentBiology 1b Evolution and EnvironmentGCSGCSEE
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What do flowers do?Flowers enable plants to reproduce sexually. For this to happen, pollen from one flower must be carried to another flower – either on the same plant or on a different plant. This is called pollination.
In what ways can pollination take place?
Pollen is carried by insects from one flower to another.
Pollen is blown by wind from one flower to another.
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I know that plants must be adapted to allow for their seeds to disperse and germinate away I know that plants must be adapted to allow for their seeds to disperse and germinate away from the parent plantfrom the parent plant
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Task 13: Adaptations for insect pollinationHow are flowers adapted for pollination by insects such as bees and butterflies?
colourful, scented petals attract insects
large, sticky pollen grains become attached to the insect’s body
nectar, a source of food for insects, is deep within the flower
stiff anthers and stigmas are positioned where insects must brush past them
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Task 14: Adaptations for wind pollinationHow are flowers adapted for pollination by the wind?
small, dull-coloured petals
anthers hang loosely outside flower so wind can blow pollen
huge numbers of light, tiny pollen grains
long, feathery stigma hanging outside flower so pollen can be trapped
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Plants can live in acid or waterlogged soils where there is little nitrate. Some plants have evolved a rather cunning adaptation to obtain the nutrients they need.
Hairs on the slippery inside of the plant are angled down to ensure that the victim cannot escape!
Pitcher plants have a large hollow filled with fluid that traps insects or other small organisms that may fall in.
The plant digests its victims to absorb the nitrates it needs!
Unusual plant adaptations
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Which organism?
Task: Mini Plenary
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Multiple-choice quiz
Task: Mini Plenary
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1.1.Where might small plants Where might small plants find it difficult to receive find it difficult to receive enough light?enough light?
2.2.State 3 ways a plant might State 3 ways a plant might conserve water.conserve water.
3.3.How do animals know not to How do animals know not to eat certain plants?eat certain plants?