Post on 30-May-2018
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The Cell
Basic unit of plant & animal life.
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Life begins with one cell
Zygote fertilized eggEmbryo zygote divides and cells multiply
Cells begin to differentiate change their functionBrain cells, muscle cells, hair, etc.
Fetus Foal AdultNew cells still being produced throughout lifeRBC, bone, skin, gametes
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Differentiated Cells
100s of cell types in the bodyAll cells have the same genetic informationFunction determined by the genes inheritedCertain genetic signals are translated andexpressed
Fulfill their role in the body
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Cytogenetics
The branch of biology that deals with heredityand the cellular components, particularly
chromosomes associated with inheritanceGenotype the exact genetic makeup - full hereditaryinformation of an organism represented by theparticular set of genes it possesses.
Phenotype represents its actual physical properties,such as appearance (height, weight, hair color) and or performance
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2 Main Cellular Compartments
CytoplasmBordered externally by the plasma membrane (cell
membrane) and internally by the nuclear envelopeArea where organelles found
Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc
NucleusControl center of the cell contains all the geneticinformation in the form of DNA
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Nucleus
Mitochondria en ergygen erator
EndoplasmicReticulum-ContainsRibosomesPr otein synthesis
Nucleolus
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Genetic InheritanceChromosome
Threadlike part of a cell that carries hereditaryinformation DNA in the form of gene
GeneHereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA thatoccupies a specific location on a chromosomeDetermines a particular characteristic in an organism
Locus (loci pl)Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
AlleleAny of a number of alternative forms of a gene
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Homologous Chromosomes
Paired horse = 32 pair (64 individual)1 paternal and 1 maternalSimilar in length (number of DNA units)Similar genetic information - genes
Allele variations of specific gene found at
particular locusHomozygous identical allelesHeterozygous different alleles
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How to tell chromosomes apart.Centromere
Constriction in a chromosome that divides it into twoarmsResponsible for proper segregation of eachchromosome pair during cell division
Length of DNA strandMade up of units of a base, a sugar and phosphoricacid
Four bases (A) adenine, (G) guanine, (T) thymine or (C) cytosineOrder of bases contains code for formation of proteins
64 different combinations 20 amino acids
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Centromere
Acrocentric near one end36 (18 pair) of the autosomes (non sex chromosomes)
Metacentric near middle26 (13 pair) of the autosomes
Telocentric very close to end
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Karyotype
Male sex chromosome (Y) is acrocentricFemale sex chromosome (X) is submetacentric
Ex. Human chromosomes (23 pair)
Terms:Mitosis-Prometaphase-Metaphase
Homologous
Chromosomes
Sister Chromatidstwo identical copies