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The Cell

Basic unit of plant & animal life.

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Life begins with one cell

Zygote fertilized eggEmbryo zygote divides and cells multiply

Cells begin to differentiate change their functionBrain cells, muscle cells, hair, etc.

Fetus Foal AdultNew cells still being produced throughout lifeRBC, bone, skin, gametes

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Differentiated Cells

100s of cell types in the bodyAll cells have the same genetic informationFunction determined by the genes inheritedCertain genetic signals are translated andexpressed

Fulfill their role in the body

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Cytogenetics

The branch of biology that deals with heredityand the cellular components, particularly

chromosomes associated with inheritanceGenotype the exact genetic makeup - full hereditaryinformation of an organism represented by theparticular set of genes it possesses.

Phenotype represents its actual physical properties,such as appearance (height, weight, hair color) and or performance

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2 Main Cellular Compartments

CytoplasmBordered externally by the plasma membrane (cell

membrane) and internally by the nuclear envelopeArea where organelles found

Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc

NucleusControl center of the cell contains all the geneticinformation in the form of DNA

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Nucleus

Mitochondria en ergygen erator

EndoplasmicReticulum-ContainsRibosomesPr otein synthesis

Nucleolus

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Genetic InheritanceChromosome

Threadlike part of a cell that carries hereditaryinformation DNA in the form of gene

GeneHereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA thatoccupies a specific location on a chromosomeDetermines a particular characteristic in an organism

Locus (loci pl)Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

AlleleAny of a number of alternative forms of a gene

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Homologous Chromosomes

Paired horse = 32 pair (64 individual)1 paternal and 1 maternalSimilar in length (number of DNA units)Similar genetic information - genes

Allele variations of specific gene found at

particular locusHomozygous identical allelesHeterozygous different alleles

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How to tell chromosomes apart.Centromere

Constriction in a chromosome that divides it into twoarmsResponsible for proper segregation of eachchromosome pair during cell division

Length of DNA strandMade up of units of a base, a sugar and phosphoricacid

Four bases (A) adenine, (G) guanine, (T) thymine or (C) cytosineOrder of bases contains code for formation of proteins

64 different combinations 20 amino acids

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Centromere

Acrocentric near one end36 (18 pair) of the autosomes (non sex chromosomes)

Metacentric near middle26 (13 pair) of the autosomes

Telocentric very close to end

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Karyotype

Male sex chromosome (Y) is acrocentricFemale sex chromosome (X) is submetacentric

Ex. Human chromosomes (23 pair)

Terms:Mitosis-Prometaphase-Metaphase

Homologous

Chromosomes

Sister Chromatidstwo identical copies