Lesson 27

Regular Comparison of Adjectives

Recitation

♦model verbs 6 tenses active and passive

amo amare amavi amatusPresent

amo amamus

amas amatis

amat amant

Imperfect

amabam amabamus

amabas amabatis

amabat amabant

Future

amabo amabimus

amabis amabitis

amabit amabunt

amo amare amavi amatusPerfect

amavi amavimus

amavisti amavistis

amavit amaverunt

Pluperfect

amaveram amaveramus

amaveras amaveratis

amaverat amaverant

Future Perfect

amavero amaverimus

amaveris amaveritis

amaverit amaverint

amo amare amavi amatusPresent

amor amamur

amaris amamini

amatur amantur

Imperfect

amabar amabamur

amabaris amabamini

amabatur amabantur

Future

amabor amabimur

amaberis amabimini

amabitur amabuntur

amo amare amavi amatusPerfect

amatus –a –um, sum amati –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

amatus –a –um, eram amati –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

amatus –a –um, ero amati –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

moneo monēre monui monitus

Present

moneo monemus

mones monetis

monet monent

Imperfect

monebam monebamus

monebas monebatis

monebat monebant

Future

monebo monebimus

monebis monebitis

monebit monebunt

moneo monēre monui monitus

Perfect

monui monuimus

monuisti monuistis

monuit monuerunt

Pluperfect

monueram monueramus

monueras monueratis

monuerat monuerant

Future Perfect

monuero monuerimus

monueris monueritis

monuerit monuerint

moneo monēre monui monitus

Present

moneor monemur

moneris monemini

monetur monentur

Imperfect

monebar monebamur

monebaris monebamini

monebatur monebantur

Future

monebor monebimur

moneberis monebimini

monebitur monebuntur

moneo monēre monui monitus

Perfect

monitus –a –um, sum moniti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

monitus –a –um, eram moniti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

monitus –a –um, ero moniti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

rego regere rexi rectusPresent

rego regimus

regis regitis

regit regunt

Imperfect

regebam regebamus

regebas regebatis

regebat regebant

Future

regam regemus

reges regetis

reget regent

rego regere rexi rectusPerfect

rexi reximus

rexisti rexistis

rexit rexerunt

Pluperfect

rexeram rexeramus

rexeras rexeratis

rexerat rexerant

Future Perfect

rexero rexerimus

rexeris rexeritis

rexerit rexerint

rego regere rexi rectusPresent

regor regimur

regeris regimini

regitur reguntur

Imperfect

regebar regebamur

regebaris regebamini

regebatur regebantur

Future

regar regemur

regeris regemini

regetur regentur

rego regere rexi rectusPerfect

rectus –a –um, sum recti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

rectus –a –um, eram recti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

rectus –a –um, ero recti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

audio audire audivi auditusPresent

audio audimus

audis auditis

audit audiunt

Imperfect

audiebam audiebamus

audiebas audiebatis

audiebat audiebant

Future

audiam audiemus

audies audietis

audiet audient

audio audire audivi auditusPerfect

audivi audivimus

audivisti audivistis

audivit audiverunt

Pluperfect

audiveram audiveramus

audiveras audiveratis

audiverat audiverant

Future Perfect

audivero audiverimus

audiveris audiveritis

audiverit audiverint

audio audire audivi auditusPresent

audior audimur

audiris audimini

auditur audiuntur

Imperfect

audiebar audiebamur

audiebaris audiebamini

audiebatur audiebantur

Future

audiar audiemur

audieris audiemini

audietur audientur

audio audire audivi auditusPerfect

auditus –a –um, sum auditi –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

auditus –a –um, eram auditi –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

auditus –a –um, ero auditi –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

capio capere cepi captusPresent

capio capimus

capis capitis

capit capiunt

Imperfect

capiebam capiebamus

capiebas capiebatis

capiebat capiebant

Future

capiam capiemus

capies capietis

capiet capient

capio capere cepi captusPerfect

cepi cepimus

cepisti cepistis

cepit ceperunt

Pluperfect

ceperam ceperamus

ceperas ceperatis

ceperat ceperant

Future Perfect

cepero ceperimus

ceperis ceperitis

ceperit ceperint

capio capere cepi captusPresent

capior capimur

caperis capimini

capitur capiuntur

Imperfect

capiebar capiebamur

capiebaris capiebamini

capiebatur capiebantur

Future

capiar capiemur

capieris capiemini

capietur capientur

capio capere cepi captusPerfect

captus –a –um, sum capti –ae –a, sumus

es estis

est sunt

Pluperfect

captus –a –um, eram capti –ae –a, eramus

eras eratis

erat erant

Future Perfect

captus –a –um, ero capti –ae –a, erimus

eris eritis

erit erunt

Recitation

♦imperatives

RecitationVerb Singular Plural Meaning

amo, amare ama amate Love!

moneo, monēre monē monete Warn!

rego, regere rege regite Rule!

capio, capere cape capite Take!

audio, audire audi audite Hear!

sum, esse es este Be!

dico, dicere dic dicite Speak!

duco, ducere duc ducite Lead!

facio, facere fac facite Make!

Recitation

♦5 declensions:mensa, servus, bellum, pater, flumen, portus, res

Recitation

♦Adjectives:acer acris acrebrevis –epotens potentis

Recitation

SIngular

M F

N

acer acris

acre

acris acris

acri acri

acrem acre

acri acri

Plural

M /F N

acres acria

acrium acrium

acribus acribus

acres acria

acribus acribus

Recitation

SIngular

M /F N

brevis breve

brevis brevis

brevi brevi

brevem breve

brevi brevi

Plural

M /F N

breves brevia

brevium brevium

brevibus brevibus

breves brevia

brevibus brevibus

RecitationM/F

Singular Plural

potens potentes

potentis potentium

potenti potentibus

potentem potentes

potenti potentibus

N

Singular Plural

potens potentia

potentis potentium

potenti potentibus

potens potentia

potenti potentibus

Recitation

♦Preposition Songs:-ab corum cum de ex in prae pro sine sub tenus

-ad ante apud in inter ob per post propter sub trans circum contra juxta

Recitation

♦Ordinal & Cardinal Numbers

RecitationCardinal Ordinal

unus –a –um one primus –a –um

first

duo –ae –o two secundus –a –um

second

tres tria three tertius –a –um

third

quattuor four quartus –a –um

fourth

quinque five quintus –a –um

fifth

sex six sextus –a –um

sixth

septem seven septimus –a –um

seventh

octo eight octavus –a –um

eighth

novem nine nonus –a –um

ninth

decem ten decimus –a –um

tenth

RecitationRoman

NumeralCardinal

XI undecim eleven

XII duodecim twelve

XIII tredecim thirteen

XIV quattuordecim

fourteen

XV quindecim fifteen

XVI sedecim sixteen

XVII septendecim seventeen

XVIII duodeviginti eighteen

XIX undeviginti nineteen

XX viginti twenty

Recitation3rd Person Pronouns;

Demonstrative Pronouns (1)Singular

Masculine

Feminine Neuter

is ea id

ejus ejus ejus

ei ei ei

eum eam id

eo eā eo

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

ei eae ea

eorum earum eorum

eis eis eis

eos eas ea

eis eis eis

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns (Near) (2)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

hic haec hoc hi hae haechujus hujus hujus horu

mharum

horum

huic huic huic his his hishunc hanc hoc hos has haechoc hac hoc his his his

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns (Far) (3)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

ille illa illud illi illae illaillíus illíus illíus illoru

millarum

illorum

illi illi illi illis illis illisillum illam illud illos illas illaillo illā illo illis illis illis

RecitationDemonstrative Pronouns

(Near to Person Spoken to) (4)

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

iste ista istud isti istae ista

istíus istíus istíus istorum istarum

istorum

isti isti isti istis istis istis

istum istam istud istos istas ista

isto istā isto istis istis istis

RecitationIntensive Pronouns

Singular Plural

M F N M F N

ipse ipsa ipsum

ipsi ipsae ipsa

ipsíus ipsíus ipsíus

ipsorum

ipsarum

ipsorum

ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis

ipsum ipsam ipsum

ipsos ipsas ipsa

ipso ipsā ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

Recitation3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns

Case Form Meaning

Nom ----

Gen. sui of himself, herself, itself, themselves

Dat. sibi to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves

Acc. se himself, herself, itself, themselves

Abl. se ibwf himself, herself, itself, themselves

RecitationReflexive Pronoun Adjectives

Person

Singular Meaning

Plural Meaning

1st meus mea meum my (own) noster nostra nostrum

our (own)

2nd tuus tua tuum your (own)

vester vestra vestrum

your (pl.) (own)

3rd suus sua suum his, her, its, their (own)

RecitationPresent Subjunctive of Sum

Singular Plural

sim I may be simus we may be

sis you may be sitis you all may be

sit hsi may be sint they may be

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive of Sum

Singular Plural

essem

I might be essemus

we might be

esses

you might be

essetis you all might be

esset hsi might be essent they might be

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive of sum

Singular Plural

fúerim fuérimusfúeris fuéritisfúerit fúerint

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive of sum

Singular Plural

fuissem fuissemusfuisses fuissetisfuisset fuissent

RecitationPresent Subjunctive Active

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amem moneam regam capiam audiam

ames moneas regas capias audias

amet moneat regat capiat audiat

amemus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus

ametis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis

ament moneant regant capiant audiant

RecitationPresent Subjunctive Passive

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amer monear regar capiar audiar

ameris monearis regaris capiaris audiaris

ametur moneatur regatur capiatur audiatur

amemur moneamur regamur capiamur audiamur

amemini moneamini regamini

capiamini audiamini

amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive Active

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amarem monerem regerem caperem audirem

amares moneres regeres caperes audires

amaret moneret regeret caperet audiret

amaremus moneremus regeremus

caperemus audiremus

amaretis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis

amarent monerent regerent caperent audirent

RecitationImperfect Subjunctive Passive

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amarer monerer regerer caperer audirer

amareris monereris regereris capereris audireris

amaretur moneretur regeretur caperetur audiretur

amaremur moneremur regeremur

caperemur audiremur

amaremini moneremini regeremini

caperemini audiremini

amarentur monerentur regerentur

caperentur audirentur

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive Active

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amaverim monuerim rexerim ceperim audiverim

amaveris monueris rexeris ceperis audiveris

amaverit monuerit rexerit ceperit audiverit

amaverimus

monuerimus rexerimus ceperimus audiverimus

amaveritis monueritis rexeritis ceperitis audiveritis

amaverint monuerint rexerint ceperint audiverint

RecitationPerfect Subjunctive Passive

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amatusa, um

simsissit

monitus, a, um

simsissit

rectus, a, um

simsissit

captus, a, um

simsissit

auditus, a, um

simsissit

amatiae, a

simussitissint

moniti, ae, a

simussitissint

recti, ae, a

simussitissint

capti, ae, a

simussitissint

auditi, ae, a

simussitissint

RecitationPluperfect Subjunctive Active

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amavissem monuissem rexissem cepissem audivissem

amavisses monuisses rexisses cepisses audivisses

amavisset monuisset rexisset cepisset audivisset

amavissemus

monuissemus rexissemus

cepissemus audivissemus

amavissetis

monuissetis rexissetis cepissetis audivissetis

amavissent monuissent rexissent cepissent audivissent

RecitationPluperfect Subjunctive Passive

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th

amatusa, um

essemessesesset

monitus, a, um

essemessesesset

rectus, a, um

essemessesesset

captus, a, um

essemessesesset

auditus, a, um

essemessesesset

amatiae, a

essemusessetisessent

moniti, ae, a

essemusessetisessent

recti, ae, a

essemusessetisessent

capti, ae, a

essemusessetisessent

auditi, ae, a

essemessetisessent

Latin Saying

Cítius, Áltius, Fórtius

Latin Saying

Cítius, Áltius, Fórtius

citus –a –um; quickcítius; quicker

altus –a –um; higháltius; higher

fortis e; strongfórtius; stronger

Latin Sayings

Faster, Higher, Stronger.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.

The positive degree is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, degree and superlative.

The positive is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

The comparative degree implies a comparison between two persons or things, either stated or implied.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, degree and superlative.

The positive is descriptive. There is no comparison implied.

The comparative degree implies a comparison between two persons or things, either stated or implied.

The superlative degree implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.

positive This lesson is hard.

comparative This lesson is harder than Lesson 13.

superlativeThis lesson is the hardest lesson in the book.

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the stem.

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the

stem.certusfortis

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the

stem.cert usfort is

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the

stem.cert us cért iorfort is fórt ior

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the

stem.cert us cért ior cért iusfort is fórt ior fórt ius

Grammar

In Latin, the comparative is formed by adding ior (M/F) and ius (N) to the

stem.cert us cért ior cért iusfort is fórt ior fórt ius

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cért ior cért iusfort is fórt ior fórt ius

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértiuscertain more certain

Grammar

In Latin, the superlative is formed by adding issimus –a –um to the stem.

cert us cert íssimus cert íssima cert íssimumfort is fort íssimus fort íssima fort íssimum

certus –a –um cértior cértius certíssimus –a –um certain more certain most certain

Grammar

Comparative forms are adjectives and must be declined in order to agree with the words they modify in gender, number, and case.

Grammar

The superlative forms are declined like the regular 1st/2nd – declension adjective bonus –a –um.

Grammar

The comparative adjective is declined like regular 3rd –declension nouns, lex and nomen.

Grammar

The comparative adjective is declined like regular 3rd –declension nouns, lex and nomen.

M/F N

fortior fortiores fortius fortiora

fortioris fortiorum fortioris fortiorum

fortiori fortioribus

fortiori fortioribus

fortiorem fortiores fortiorus fortiora

fortiore fortioribus

fortiore fortioribus

Grammar Questions

How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses are missing?

Grammar Questions

How many tenses are in the subjunctive? What tenses are missing?

Four tenses. The future and future perfect are missing.

Grammar Questions

What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive in English?

Grammar Questions

What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive in English?

let, might, could, may, should, would

Grammar Questions

What is the difference between indicative and subjunctive?

indicative:subjunctive:

Grammar Questions

What is the difference between indicative and subjunctive?

indicative: actual events or actionssubjunctive: potential events or actions

My children go to school. actual/indicativeI want my children to go to school. –

potential/subjunctive

Grammar QuestionsA __________ question is asked in doubt or

indignation, uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the verbal helper ______.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question is asked in doubt or

indignation, uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the verbal helper should.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question uses the

_______ subjunctive for present time and the _________ subjunctive for past time.

Grammar QuestionsA deliberative question uses the

present subjunctive for present time and the imperfect subjunctive for past time.

Grammar QuestionsThe hortatory subjunctive expresses __________,

_______ _________, ______ ____, and uses the verbal helpers __ and ___.

Grammar QuestionsThe hortatory subjunctive expresses exhortation,

indirect command, strong wish, and uses the verbal helpers let and may.

Grammar QuestionsThe subjunctive is used primarily in __________

clauses, but also has some uses in __________ clauses.

Grammar QuestionsThe subjunctive is used primarily in subordinate

clauses, but also has some uses in independent clauses.

Grammar

To form the negative of a subjunctive verb, use ?

Grammar

To form the negative of a subjunctive verb, use ne.

Ne cedamus. Let us not yield.

Grammar

To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main clause is in the _________, and the subordinate clause is in the __________.

Grammar

To express purpose with the conjunction ut, the main clause is in the indicative, and the subordinate clause is in the subjunctive.

Grammar

The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the ________.

Grammar

The imperfect subjunctive active is built on the infinitive.

Grammar

The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the ______ stem by adding ___and ___, respectively.

Grammar

The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the perfect stem by adding eri and isse, respectively.

Grammar

What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have learned in this unit?

Grammar

What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have learned in this unit?

hortatory subjunctive, deliberative questions, and purpose (ut) clause

Grammar

How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?

Grammar

How do you form the perfect subjunctive passive?

the 4th principal part + the present subjunctive of sum

Grammar

A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ___.

Grammar

A negative clause of purpose replaces ut with ne.

Grammar

The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the _____ _______ _____ indicative, except for the 1st person singular.

Grammar

The perfect subjunctive active is the same as the future perfect active indicative, except for the 1st person singular.

Grammar

The two common feminine nouns of the 4th declension are: ________ and ________.

Grammar

The two common feminine nouns of the 4th declension are: domus and manus.

Grammar

The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension are: ______and _____.

Grammar

The two common neuter nouns of the 4th declension are: cornu and genu.

Grammar Questions

The three degrees of comparison are ________, _____________, and ___________.

Grammar Questions

The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.

Grammar Questions

The _______ is descriptive only.

Grammar Questions

The positive is descriptive only.

Grammar Questions

The ___________ implies a comparison between two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The comparative implies a comparison between two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The ___________ implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

The superlative implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed from the positive by adding ____and _____to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the comparative adjective is formed from the positive by adding –ior and –ius to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed by adding _________________to the stem.

Grammar Questions

In Latin, the superlative adjective is formed by adding –issimus –a –um to the stem.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective is declined like the regular ______________ noun.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective is declined like the regular 3rd declension noun.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective _____ _____follow the i-stem pattern of the regular adjective, brevis –e.

Grammar Questions

The comparative adjective does not follow the i-stem pattern of the regular adjective, brevis –e.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is declined like the regular ___________________ adjective.

Grammar Questions

The superlative adjective is declined like the regular 1st/2nd – declension adjective.

Practice

♦TranslateThis rock is the hardest.

Practice

♦TranslateHoc saxum est durissimum

Practice

♦TranslatePone saxum gravius in fossam.

Practice

♦TranslatePlace the heavier rock in the

ditch.

Practice

♦TranslateExercitum potentissimum habemus.

Practice

♦TranslateWe have the most powerful

army.

Practice

♦TranslateCitius, Altius, Fortius.

Practice

♦TranslateFaster, Higher, Stronger.

Practice

♦Conjugate paro in the active and passive indicative.