ProtozoaProtozoa

Chapter 26Chapter 26

Characteristics of ProtistsCharacteristics of Protists Have nucleus i.e. eukaryoteHave nucleus i.e. eukaryote Lack tissue differentiationLack tissue differentiation UnicellularUnicellular Move independentlyMove independently

Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water)Ocean, fresh water, crawl in soil (some water) HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

Food vacuoles break down particlesFood vacuoles break down particles Both free-living and parasiticBoth free-living and parasitic ZooplanktonZooplankton - Primary source of energy - Primary source of energy

for organisms in ecosystemfor organisms in ecosystem

ReproductionReproduction

Asexually Asexually binary fission – produce one identical binary fission – produce one identical

organismsorganisms multiple fission – produce several identical multiple fission – produce several identical

organisms organisms Sexually – conjugationSexually – conjugation

Binary fissionBinary fission

Multiple fissionMultiple fission

ConjugationConjugation

1. Paramecia pair up

2. Macronuclei disntegrate & micronuclei undergo meiosis

3. All but one micronuclei disintegrates. It undergoes mitosis.

4. Each paramecium exchange 1 micronuclei

5. Micronuclei fuse

6. Paramecia separate and marconucleus re-form

AdaptationsAdaptations

EyespotEyespot – localized region of pigment that – localized region of pigment that detects light variations in the environmentdetects light variations in the environment

CystCyst – a hardened external covering that – a hardened external covering that stops all metabolic activity when organism stops all metabolic activity when organism is outside of host is outside of host to survive in harsh to survive in harsh environmentsenvironments e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease e.g. nutrient deficient, drought, decrease

oxygen, or pH/temp changesoxygen, or pH/temp changes

4 phyla – named for type of 4 phyla – named for type of movement movement (locomotion)(locomotion)

1. Ciliophora1. Ciliophora CiliatesCiliates

Zoothamnium

2. Sporazoa2. Sporazoa sporozoanssporozoans

Plasmodium

phyla cont’phyla cont’3. Zoomastigina3. Zoomastigina

ZooglagellatesZooglagellates

4. Sarcodina4. Sarcodina sarcodinessarcodines

Trichomonas vaginalis

Amoeba proteus

Phylum SarcodinaPhylum Sarcodina

Movement:Movement:PseudopodiaPseudopodia – “false feet” - – “false feet” - cytoplasmic extensionscytoplasmic extensions

Ex: Ex: AmoebasAmoebas inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil inhabit fresh/salt water, and soil EndoplasmEndoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm – inner portion of the cytoplasm EctoplasmEctoplasm – outer layer – outer layer Ameboid movementAmeboid movement powered by powered by

Cytoplasmic streamingCytoplasmic streaming – internal flowing of a – internal flowing of a cell’s cytoplasmcell’s cytoplasm

Eating Eating (heterotophic)(heterotophic)

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis – engulf other protists – engulf other protists EndocytosisEndocytosis – when membrane surrounds and – when membrane surrounds and

pinches together into food vacuolepinches together into food vacuole ExocytosisExocytosis – when undigested food exits the – when undigested food exits the

cellcell Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole – organelle that expels – organelle that expels

fluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environmentfluid from cell b/c hypertonic to environment

*remember – water moves from high *remember – water moves from high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high concentration to lower – hypertonic is high solutesolute concentration relative to environment concentration relative to environment

AmoebaAmoeba

AmoebaAmoeba

Movement & eatingMovement & eating

BEST one - BEST one - http://www.mikrofauna-videos.de/videos.php?lang=en&id=amoeba&PHPSESSID=d48af6fdb76a70938e775b3af8bb2d7b

http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/timlynch/sci_class/chap09/lesson_protista/Amoeba%20Move.html

http://www.microscopy-uk.net/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=82&pos=0

Variations Variations

ForaminiferaForaminifera – ancient, live in oceans – ancient, live in oceans with shelled protective covering – with shelled protective covering – teststests

RadiolariansRadiolarians – ancient, live in shallow – ancient, live in shallow waterswaters

Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of Tests sink to bottom and build up layers of sedimentsediment E.g. White Cliffs of Dover, EnglandE.g. White Cliffs of Dover, England

White Cliffs of Dover, EnglandWhite Cliffs of Dover, England

300 foot cliffs made from tests of 300 foot cliffs made from tests of foraminifera and radiolariansforaminifera and radiolarians

FYIFYI

Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 Sediment can accumulate as slowly as 0.1 millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in millimeter (0.04 inch) per 1,000 years (in the middle of the ocean where only wind-the middle of the ocean where only wind-blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 blown material is deposited) to as fast as 1 meter (3.25 feet) per year along meter (3.25 feet) per year along continental marginscontinental margins. More typical deep-. More typical deep-sea rates are on the order of several sea rates are on the order of several centimeters per 1,000 years. centimeters per 1,000 years.

Foraminifera/RadiolariansForaminifera/Radiolarians

Human diseaseHuman disease

Amebic dysenteryAmebic dysentery – sometimes fatal – sometimes fatal Enters from contaminated food and waterEnters from contaminated food and water Enzymes break down intestinal wallEnzymes break down intestinal wall

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum Ciliophora

Movement – ciliaMovement – cilia ex: ex: parameciumparamecium lives in fresh/salt water lives in fresh/salt water

ponds & slow moving streamsponds & slow moving streams Eat: bacteria & algaeEat: bacteria & algae Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission Reproduce: Asexual – binary fission

followed by sexual – conjugation – followed by sexual – conjugation – offspring genetically different (page 515)offspring genetically different (page 515)

ParameciaParamecia

Contractile vacuole operationContractile vacuole operation

Food vacuoleFood vacuole

Phylum ZoomastiginaPhylum Zoomastigina

Movement: flagella in lakes & pondsMovement: flagella in lakes & ponds Ex: Ex: Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia Eat small organismsEat small organisms Live in blood Live in blood of fish, amphibians reptiles, of fish, amphibians reptiles,

birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking birds, & mammals carried by bloodsucking insects from host to hostinsects from host to host

Disease Disease TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis – parasitic – parasitic

African “sleeping sickness” African “sleeping sickness” Transmitted by tsetse flyTransmitted by tsetse fly

Chagas’ diseaseChagas’ disease - parasitic - parasitic Transmitted by “kissing bug”Transmitted by “kissing bug”

LeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis – parasitic – parasitic Can be fatalCan be fatal Transmitted by sand fliesTransmitted by sand flies

GiardiasisGiardiasis – parasitic – parasitic Transmitted by animal feces in contaminated waterTransmitted by animal feces in contaminated water

Phylum SporazoaPhylum Sporazoa Movement: only as juvenile Movement: only as juvenile Ex: Ex: PlasmodiumPlasmodium

DiseaseDisease

Malaria – Malaria – Transmitted by mosquitoTransmitted by mosquito Causes fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and deathCauses fever, fatigue, thirst, anemia, and death Occurs in cycle Occurs in cycle Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed Problem treating b/c mosquitoes developed

resistance to quinineresistance to quinine Afflicts 500,000,000 people per yearAfflicts 500,000,000 people per year Kills 2,700,000 million per yearKills 2,700,000 million per year

page 518 life cyclepage 518 life cycle

analogiesanalogies

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______ disease causedisease cause

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______

PhylumPhylum Common Common namename

LocomotionLocomotion NutritionNutrition Rep genreRep genre

SarcodinaSarcodina SarcodinesSarcodines PseudopodiaPseudopodia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic AmoebaAmoeba

CiliophoraCiliophora CiliatesCiliates CiliaCilia HeterotrophicHeterotrophic ParameciumParamecium

ZoomastiginaZoomastigina ZooflagellatesZooflagellates FlagellaFlagella HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Trypanosoma Trypanosoma

GiardiaGiardia

SporozoaSporozoa SporozoansSporozoans Only in youngOnly in young HeterotrophicHeterotrophic PlasmodiumPlasmodium

AlgaeAlgae

Chapter 27Chapter 27

Characteristics Characteristics

EukaryoteEukaryote Autotrophic (Autotrophic (differ from other protozoansdiffer from other protozoans))

Have chloroplastsHave chloroplasts Unicellular and/or multicellularUnicellular and/or multicellular Lack tissue differentiationLack tissue differentiation

4 types of algae based on body 4 types of algae based on body structure (structure (thallusthallus))

1.1. UnicellularUnicellular – aquatic – – aquatic –

ex: phytoplanktonex: phytoplankton Base of food chainBase of food chain Produce oxygenProduce oxygen

1.1. Colonial Colonial - ex. - ex. VolvoxVolvox• Many cells grouped & working Many cells grouped & working

togethertogether

4 types of algae cont’4 types of algae cont’

3. 3. FilamentousFilamentous – ex. – ex. SpirogyraSpirogyra Some anchor to ocean floorSome anchor to ocean floor

4. 4. MulticellularMulticellular – ex. – ex. Macrocystis - Macrocystis - giant giant kelpkelp These are most like plants These are most like plants (see pictures next slide)(see pictures next slide)

Giant Kelp - Giant Kelp - MacrocystisMacrocystis

ClassificationClassification

7 phyla based on:7 phyla based on: ColorColor Chlorophyll typeChlorophyll type

• Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so Pigments absorb differing wavelengths of light so gives them their characteristic color- green brown redgives them their characteristic color- green brown red

Food-storageFood-storage Cell wall compositionCell wall composition

Reproduction with unicellular algaeReproduction with unicellular algae

Asexually – mitosis produces haploidsAsexually – mitosis produces haploids + and – gametes called + and – gametes called zoosporeszoospores

Sexually – when + and – join to form Sexually – when + and – join to form diploid zygote – diploid zygote – zygosporezygospore – meiosis – meiosis

(page 528)(page 528)

Reproduction in multicellular algaeReproduction in multicellular algae ComplexComplex Page 528Page 528

Ulva – sea lettuceUlva – sea lettuce GametophyteGametophyte – haploid – haploid

gamete-producing gamete-producing phasephase

SporophyteSporophyte – diploid – diploid spore-producing phasespore-producing phase

Page 529Page 529

Phylum BacillariophytaPhylum Bacillariophyta

DiatomsDiatoms – cell wall called shells, have 2 – cell wall called shells, have 2 pieces (like box with lid)pieces (like box with lid)

Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink Diatomaceous earth – dead diatoms sink & form sediment & form sediment used in commercial products like: detergents, used in commercial products like: detergents,

paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, & toothpastetoothpaste

Phylum DinoflagellataPhylum Dinoflagellata

Unicellular, photosyntheticUnicellular, photosynthetic Red tideRed tide – population explosion – population explosion

Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum EuglenophytaEuglenaEuglena – unicellular – unicellular

with flagellawith flagella Plantlike b/c Plantlike b/c

photosyntheticphotosynthetic Animal-like b/c lack Animal-like b/c lack

cell wallcell wall

Protozoa ImagesProtozoa Images

www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html

Protista QuizProtista Quiz

http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoo/Protista.htm

Slime moldsSlime molds EukaryoteEukaryote MulticellularMulticellular heterotrophicheterotrophic Fungus-likeFungus-like Usually red, viscous massUsually red, viscous mass Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying Live in damp soil, rotting logs, decaying

leavesleaves Ameboid movement “ooze”Ameboid movement “ooze” Eat by phagocytosisEat by phagocytosis

Water moldsWater molds

Fungus-like with branching filamentsFungus-like with branching filaments Aquatic, soil and parasiticAquatic, soil and parasitic Blight – disease causes decay of plantBlight – disease causes decay of plant

Irish potato famineIrish potato famine

ReviewReview

Animal-like protists Animal-like protists amoeba & parameciumamoeba & paramecium

Plant-like protists Plant-like protists Spirogyra & volvoxSpirogyra & volvox

Review analogiesReview analogies

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______

disease causedisease cause

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______

_______: _________:: _______: _____________: _________:: _______: ______

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Chapter 28Chapter 28

Mycology - the study of fungiMycology - the study of fungi

Characteristics Characteristics

EukaryoticEukaryotic Nonphotosynthetic – no chlorophyll Nonphotosynthetic – no chlorophyll MulticellularMulticellular Heterotrophic – breaks down decaying Heterotrophic – breaks down decaying

plant & animal matter THEN absorbs itplant & animal matter THEN absorbs it

Most are molds or yeastsMost are molds or yeasts

MoldsMolds – grows on old bread – grows on old bread YeastsYeasts – microorganisms make bread rise – microorganisms make bread rise

ChitinChitin – in cell walls of hyphae found in – in cell walls of hyphae found in insects’ exoskeletoninsects’ exoskeleton

IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter IMPORTANT recycler of organic matter in nature!in nature!

Structures Structures HyphaeHyphae - mass of filaments of - mass of filaments of

cells cells MyceliumMycelium – forms the hyphae – forms the hyphae

the part we don’t see the part we don’t see

ReproductionReproduction

Asexual Asexual when hyphae break off and start growing when hyphae break off and start growing

on their ownon their own SporangiaSporangia – spores produced in special – spores produced in special

hyphae called hyphae called sporangiosporessporangiospores – spores – spores with enclosed sacwith enclosed sac

ConidiaConidia – spores without sac – spores without sac FragmentationFragmentation – hypha shatter – spores – hypha shatter – spores

releasedreleased BuddingBudding – in yeast when pinches off piece of – in yeast when pinches off piece of

cellcell

Sexual Sexual

Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing Fusion occurs when hyphae of differing mating types (+ or -) meet mating types (+ or -) meet

Produce sporesProduce spores

EvolutionEvolution

Evolved from prokaryotesEvolved from prokaryotes

Classification Classification

Classified by structure & reproductionClassified by structure & reproduction Phylum basidiomycotaPhylum basidiomycota Phylum ascomycotaPhylum ascomycota LichensLichens

Phylum ZygomycotaPhylum Zygomycota

Bread fungusBread fungus RhizoidsRhizoids – anchor (root) in bread – anchor (root) in bread

Breaks down nutrients in bread for absorptionBreaks down nutrients in bread for absorption (page 546 diagram)(page 546 diagram)

Phylum BasidiomycotaPhylum Basidiomycota

Also called Also called club fungusclub fungus Mushrooms are Mushrooms are

basidiocarpsbasidiocarps Stalk or stemStalk or stem capcap GillsGills Dikaryotic basidiaDikaryotic basidia

Phylum AscomycotaPhylum Ascomycota

Parasitic “sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water Parasitic “sac fungi” live in salt/fresh water & land& land

Infections & Diseases Infections & Diseases

Athlete’s foot or RingwormAthlete’s foot or Ringworm – infect skin, – infect skin, hair, nails & tissueshair, nails & tissues

Vaginal yeast infectionsVaginal yeast infections Tinea cruris (jock itch)Tinea cruris (jock itch) histoplasmosishistoplasmosis

Good fungiGood fungi

PenicillinPenicillin Antibiotics – cephalosporium & rhizopusAntibiotics – cephalosporium & rhizopus Cheese, beer, wine, soy products, breadsCheese, beer, wine, soy products, breads Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!Not to mention my favorite: mushrooms!

Overview of FungiOverview of Fungi

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO304

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO704

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=BIO604

Lichens Lichens

Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather living things are, but rather

Lichens are a combination of two Lichens are a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. organisms which live together intimately. composed of fungal filaments, but living with composed of fungal filaments, but living with

filaments (algal cells)filaments (algal cells)• green alga or a cyanobacterium. green alga or a cyanobacterium.

ReferencesReferences http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/pictures/paramecium.gif http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Zoo/amoeba_big.JPG http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/cells/amoeba.gif http://www.agpix.com/catalog/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41/large/AGPix_BiPhSeTe41_0004_Lg.jpg http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%20cathemerium%2012%20midnite.jpg http://www.membranetransport.org/media/organism/tvag1.jpg http://www.biology-resources.com/drawing-amoeba-reproduction.html http://www.students.emory.edu/HYBRIDVIGOR/images/conjugation.jpg www.microimaging.ca/protozoa/conjugation.html http://vocker.superfreethought.com/naturalphotographs/microorganisms/ima

ges/DSC01832-Radiolarians.jpg http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T

073615A.gif http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/webpictures/

dovercliffs.jpg http://marinebio.org/i/giant_kelp.jpg http://www.rain.org/campinternet/channelhistory/kelp/kelp98.jpg http://www.absc.usgs.gov/research/seabird_foragefish/marinehabitat/images/Food_Web3.gif http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/Spirogyra.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/MajorDivisions/KingdomProtista

/Protists/grnalgafillc_2.gif http://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpghttp://www.liv.ac.uk/images/newsroom/press_releases/2006/01/red_tide.jpg http://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpghttp://ic.ucsc.edu/~flegal/etox80e/SpecTopics/AlgalBlooms/alg_p1.jpg http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.htmlhttp://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html http://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPGhttp://arnica.csustan.edu/Biol1010/classification/euglena.JPG http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.htmlhttp://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_3.html

References cont’References cont’ http://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpghttp://www.glaucus.org.uk/BracketFungus014.jpg http://www.burrard-lucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/http://www.burrard-lucas.com/photo/peru/manu_biosphere/

manu_macro/fungus_2.jpgmanu_macro/fungus_2.jpg http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1-http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/fungus-r02-1-

num7.jpgnum7.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=726&rendTypeId=4 http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/http://www.mo.gov/mo/mophotos/parks/

PA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_052405.jpgPA_ShelfFungus_Terrell_052405.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.htmlhttp://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/flora.html http://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpghttp://ethnopharmacology.com/fungi/mush.jpg http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpghttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gifhttp://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1402/fungi1.gif