20 th century Iran

20th century Iran

Westoxication &

the Revolution

*see notes pagesfor more info on

some slides

Source: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collectionhttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_middle_east/iran_timeline.jpg

Gharbzadeg or Westoxication

Push and Pull of the Modernization

1938 Time Magazine

Cover Story – “20th Century Darius”

The Pahlavi Dynasty - the Mythic Persian Conqueror,

though looking very Western in this photo.

Grows increasingly autocraticrather than constitutional as the 1905-1911 crisis

dictated he should.

Westoxication = fear of continued political, economic, and cultural subordination to the West

• Safavid used State-sponsored Shi’ism

• Qajar monarchs allowed semi-feudal regionalism in exchange for support of their title (in name only)

• Pahlavis attempt to create an historic sense of Persian identity based on pre-Islamic civilization.

Central problem of early modern Persia - How does one keep this land united?

White Revolution – Western style modernizationPromises never quite meet the reality of rural life.Leads to further feelings of Westoxication as traditionalculture is viewed as one target of Shah’s reforms by conservativeClerics such as Ayatollah Khomeini

Westoxication = royal decadence

financed by oil wealth

Persepolis – October, 1971Festivities cost est. $500 million*

*Source: Geoffrey Wawro, Naval College ReviewVol. LV, No.1, Winter 2002.Image Sources: http://badraie.com/parade.htmhttp://blogs.salon.com/0001301/2003/03/15.html

The West (materialism & immorality)SAVAK (tyranny & torture)

Islam (morality & duty)Iran (independence & pride)

The Sides according to the Revolutionaries

Power Structure of Iran post 1979 Revolution

Electorate

Supreme Leader

Element of theocracy introduced into the democratic process

to ensure that un-Islamic abuses (ie. Westoxication) does not happen

Women and Youth in Post-Revolutionary Iran

Are they ardent supporters, wavering adherents, or adamant opponents?

Source: BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/middle_east_iran_hostage_crisis/html/1.stm

Source: Women’s Socio-Cultural Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran http://www.iranwomen.org/zanan/english/statis.htm

Progress Stagnation

Women dominate in lower level postsIn line with global patterns, exceptional compared to many Islamic nations, but does it meet the expectations of those who supported the Revolution?

Source: BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2936772.stm

Source: Seattle Post-Intelligencerhttp://seattlepi.nwsource.com/othersports/2050AP_SOC_Iran_Female_Soccer_Fans.html

Chador – flowing outer garment that covers the hijab (headscarf), blouse, and skirt. Used to conformwith Islamic dress codes for womenin public post 1979.

In Spring of 2006, Ayatollah KhameneiUpholds prohibition barring women fromattending soccer matches. These womenwatch through a fence.

Women & “Islamic Dress”

1990 & 2000s

Generation born after the revolution is in its twenties. Is it still relevant to them?

Source: http://www.iranian.com/Covers/2004/August/aug20.jpg

Youth Unemployment 1997-2002

Source: Iranian Youth Today http://www.nyoir.org/ENG/Iranian-Youth-Today-Employment.htm

70% of population is under 30 in 2006

The Revolution seems like their parents’ past to many.The present is about the lack of opportunity to a great number.

May 24th, 2006 Student Riots in TehranTriggered by dismissal of reformist professors and interference in

university affairs by militia groups (conservative forces)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005

reformist

former president (mixed)conservative

Election of 2005 - controversial referendum on reform vs. hard-line revolutionaries

"Do you think you are dealing with a 4-year-old child to whom you can give some walnuts and chocolates and get gold from him?"

“Iran's achievements in all fields further motivates the vigilance of the world's free and independent nations, which eventually will lead to the downfall of the global arrogance"

Source: http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/05/25/iran.nukes/index.html *see notes pages

Rattle the saber a bit, and unemployment and the culturepolice might be forgotten, but for how long?????

20 th century Iran

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