1.2 Properties and Changes of Matter

Objectives:Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.Contrast chemical and physical changes.Apply the law of conservation of matter to chemical changes.

Identifying Matter by Its Properties

Physical properties are those that do not change the composition

They can be quantitative or qualitative. Qualitative:

The solid is hard. The liquid boils at a low temperature.

Quantitative: Ice freezes at 0°C Iron has a density of 7.86 g/mL

States of Matter

Three common states of matter:SolidLiquidGas

Fourth less familiar type:Plasma: an ionized gas

Solid

Solid- a substance in which the particles occupy fixed positions in a well-defined, three-dimensional arrangement.Definite shape and volume.Examples:

Iron Ice

Liquid

Liquid - a flowing substance with a definite volume but an indefinite shape.Definite volume and takes shape of containerExamples:

Water Mercury Bromine

Gas

Gas – a flowing, compressible substance with no definite shape or volume.Takes shape and volume of containerExamples

Oxygen Hydrogen Helium

States of Matter

The state in which matter is found depends on the temperature and pressure.

When you discuss the physical state of matter you are discussing the state at room temperature (20-25°C)

What is the physical state of neon at room temperature?

States of Matter – Disc 2

States of Matter – Disc 2

Physical States

the temperature at which matter changes from one state to another is closely related to its physical stateWater freezes (and melts) at 0°CSalt melts (and freezes) at 804°COxygen freezes (and melts) at -218°C

The melting points and freezing point are the same for substances

Volatile

Volatile – describes a substance that easily change to a gas at room temperatureAlcohol and gasoline are more volatile then

water.Naphthalene (mothballs) is a solid that is

volatile.You can easily smell alcohol, gasoline and

mothballs because since they are volatile the molecules are present in the air.

Density

Density- the amount of matter (mass) in a given unit volume.

The units for density are usually g/mL

Density

You fill two beakers; one with cotton balls and one with marbles. The beaker with the marbles is heavier than the one

with the cotton balls, but they both occupy the same volume (the beaker).

The marbles have a larger mass than the cotton balls. Therefore, the marbles have a larger density than the

cotton balls

Densities of Some Common Materials

Material Density, g/mLWater (4.0°C) 1.000

Ice (0°C) 0.917

Helium (25°C 0.000164

Air (25°C) 0.00119

Aluminum 2.70

Lead 11.34

Gold 19.31

Cork 0.22-0.26

Sugar 1.59

Balsa Wood 0.12

Determining Density

One way you can determine density is by using water displacing

1. Weigh you object. (10 g)2. Fill a graduated cylinder with water to a particular mark. Such

as, 10mL.3. Carefully add you object to the graduated cylinder.4. Record the level of the water. ( maybe 15mL)5. Next you use the weigh of you object and the level of the

water to determine the density.a) Your water level started at 10mL and ended at 15mL.

15mL – 10mL = 5mLb) Next you take your mass and divide it by your volume.

10g/5mL = 2 g/mL

Let’s Try It

Determine the density of the objects provided by your teacher.

The Composition of Pennies

Read over this lab on page 38 & 39 of your packet.

Make a flow chart of the procedure for this lab, using only pictures. We may use this technique for more complicated labs in the future.

It’s a Liquid, It’s a Solid…It’s Slime

Lab is on page 40 of your packet. You must wear safety glasses for this lab. Please, be very careful with the chemicals. You may work in groups of three.

Chemical Properties and Changes Chemical Properties- can be observed only

when there is a change in the composition of the substance.

Describes the ability of a substance to react with another substance or to decompose

Examples: Rusting Reactivity

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Is always stored in brown bottles because it will break down to hydrogen and water gas when exposed to light.

Chemical Change

Chemical Change – the change of one or more substance into other substances.

Also called a Chemical ReactionThe sulfuric acid and the sugar If you add vinegar to baking soda

Atoms and Chemical Change All matter is made up of atoms. Any chemical change involves the

rearrangement of atoms. When water breaks down it is the

rearrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Water moleculesHydrogen molecules

Oxygen molecules

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of Conservation of Mass – in a chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Example: Water molecules2 H2O O2 + 2H2

Law of Conservation of Mass

Chemical Reactions and Energy

Chemical changes involve some sort of energy change.

Energy – the capacity to do work Many reactions give off energy and some

absorb energy.Exothermic – gives off heatEndothermic - absorbs heat

Chemistry and Chemical Reactions Are all around you and are in everything

that you do.

Properties

Review

1. Distinguish between a liquid, solid, and a gas.

2. Give an example of a physical change and a chemical change.

3. What are two substances that would be considered volatile?