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Richard Northcott
lll , - Introduction 3
1i:ll''
1 How Sound Moves 4
2 Low Sounds, High Sounds 6
3 Your Voice 8
4 M usicat lnstruments 10
5 M usic Around the W ortd 12
6 Orchestras and Concerts 14
7 Rhythm 16
8 Recordinj Music 18
9 Buying M usic 20
10 Sound and Noise 22
Activities 24
Projects 44
Picture Dictionary 46
About Read and Blscover 48
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
i
1
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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NIAJERSIT' Prtzsss
rendon Street Oxford oxz 6DP
ford University Press is a depal-tment of the Universit'y
xford.It furthers the Urtiversity's objective of excelience
esearch, scholarslp,and eclucation by publishing
orldwide in
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ith taffices in
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kraine Vietnam
lzou.o and oxyop.D ENGLI SH are registered tracle marks
oxferd University Press iln the UK antl in certain other
tries
rd Unfversity Press 2011
he nloral rights of the author have been asserted
atabase right Oxford Universit'y Press tmakerl
irst published 2o 1 1
14 2013 2()1:z 2011
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unauthorized photocopying
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oduced stored in a retrieval systen'l, or transnlitted
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ction outsicle the scope of' the above should be sent
o the PLT ltights Departrnent, Oxftard Dniversity Pi'ess at
dress above
'ust lltah circulae rhis book j7: any other bintling or
d you l'nust irnpose this same condition on any
ny websites relrret. to in this publication are iJ1 the
ublic dtalnain and thcir addresses are provided by Oxlbrd
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Press disclain'ls any respolasibility for the contellt
ls IIN : 978 () 19 464384 )
n Audio CD Pack containing this 17c)01.: and a CD is a1s()
available Is BN 975 o 19 46.1.2.42
The CD has a choice of Alnerican all:l Britisll Engli Sh
recorclings of the complete tttxt .
An acconApanying Activty Book is 8) 1 so available
I s B N 978 () 1 9 46.13 94 8
Printed in China
R'is btaclk is printcd t)n paper fronn certifietl and
Nvell-lnanaged sources.
ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS
Jllustmfftlcs hy: Alan Rowe pp.24,30,34. 41, 42.46, 47. Kelly
Ifennedy pp.4, 19, 22' 1an Moores pp.5,7, 8 15, 28'Dusan
Pavlic/Beehive lllustration pp.24,30, 34,38,42. 46,47.
The J'QH.skt'r. TISI;i//J also like &.' tkank j's'fp//tlls/fnffp- P7t?f?- kinti
pcrTrlfssftlr 17 reprpclucc phologrflphs tnl. aht?r crlpyrfght l't:f'v-zi:
Alamy 17.4 (Andrew Fox), 7 (Fine -&l't Commercial/baby),
9 (Tarelt Elluan/singing lesson), 12 (Peter Horree/gamelan,
GM Photo Images,tango band), 13 (ltlausqverner Friedrich/
ltoo player), 15 (''e Prinf Collecror),16 (Giarlni Muratore),
2 1 (Eddie Gerald/graniophone),22 (Tim. Cuffl'Corbis pp.9
(@ IIA-A N-tkxlll-lsl-lll/Reutei's/throat singer). 13 (@ Frdric
Soltan/sygma/sitar player), 14 ((() Jacques Sal-rat/syglnal, 17 (@
Ancly Itain/epa/bandl; Getty lmages pp.7 (David llrazier/stone/
truck), 17 (altrendo images/llamenco), 20 (Ryan Mcvay/stoile),
23 (Matt Gray/stonel' Oxford Universlty Press pp.3, 10, 11,
18, 19,21 (cassettes and cdsl; Photolibral'y 13T3.6 (David Deas),
21 (lric Nathan/Britain on Wew/jukebox).
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No read anU GISCOVer
bout sound and usicre a
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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H ow does sound m ove through the air?
The air is m ade of billions of m olecules.
The m olecules are very sm all, so you can't
see them .
Your voice pushes the m olecules. T he
m olecules m ove like waves in the ocean.
T he m ovem ents of the m olecules are
called sound w aves.
T he sound waves from loud sounds go
far.-fhe sound w aves from quiet sounds
don't go far.
W hen you spealt, sing, or shout, the sound
of your voice m oves through the air. The
sound goes to other people, and they hear
it. Sound m oves very fast.
.
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7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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Som e sounds are 1ow and som e sounds
are high.W e can hear 1ow sounds and
high sounds everywhere. A plane m akes
a low sound, but when birds sing, they
m ake a high sound.
Think about the strings of a guitar. The
thin strings m ake a high sound and the
thick strings m alte a 1ow sound.
The thin guitar strings vibrate fast.You can't
see them m ove. The thick strings vibrate
slow ly. These different types of vibration are
called frequency. The sound of the thin
strings has a high frequency.The sound of
the thick strings has a 1ow frequency.
A baby's cry m altes a high sound and it has
a high frequency. A truck m akes a 1ow
sound and it has a low frequency. A baby's
cry is m ade of lots of thin sound waves. The
sound w aves from a truclc are thicker.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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Everyone's voice is different. A m an's voice
is usually lower than a wom an's voice.
Put your hand on the front of your throat
and say som ething.W hen you speakn your
throat vibrates. ln your throat, you have
vocal cords.W hen you speak, air from your
lungs goes between your vocal cords, and
your vocal cords vibrate. W hen you sing, you use your m outh, your
throat, and your chest.You m alte your vocal
cords shorter or longer, so that you can sing
high notes or 1ow notes. Singers can learn
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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Let's look at different m usical instrum ents.
Som e are called w ind instrum ents. Players
use air from their lungs when they play a
wind instrum ent.
Trum pet players press the trum pet on
their lips and they blow air into the
trum pet. T heir lips vibrate, then the air in
the trum pet vibrates and m altes a sound.
i
..
W hen a drum m er hits
a drum , the air in the
drum vibrates and
m altes a sound. Other
instrum ents, like
cym bals or xylophones,
m ake a sound w hen the
player hits them . These
instrum ents are called
percussion instrum ents.
G uitars, violins, and cellos are stringed
instrum ents. G uitar players pluck the strings
of a guitar, but violin and cello players use a
bow. T hey touch the strings with the bow
and the strings vibrate.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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A round the w orld you can tind thousands
of different m usical instrum ents.
ln Bali in Indonesia, there are orchestras
called gam elans. In a gam elan there are lots
of different percussion instrum ents.The
players in a gam elan usually sit on the floor.
T he bandoneon is a type of wind
instrum ent. lt's like a box with air inside.
You squeeze it and it m akes a sound. ln
Argentina, you can listen to bandoneon
players in the streets.
T he ltoto is a stringed instrum ent from
Japan. lt has 13 strings. Koto players pluck
the strings with their thum b and two
fingers.The players m ove the sm all, white
bridges to m ake different notes.
The sitar is a stringed instrum ent from
lndia. It isn't easy to play. lt has lots of
strings. Som e sitars have 23 strings.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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T he m usicians in an orchestra listen to their
instrum ent, and to a11 the other instrum ents
at the sam e tim e. T he m usicians watch their
conductor, too.
M usicians in an orchestra always practice
before a concert. W hen they practice, the
conductor som etim es tells them to play
slow er, or m ore loudly. C onductors m ove
their hands and arm s to help the orchestra.
N ot a11 room s are good for concerts. In a
room with flat w alls, the sound of the m usic
can bounce off the walls and m alte an echo.
ln concert halls, the w alls are not flat. They
are usually m ade of different panels. T he
sound bounces in different ways so there's
no echo.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
10/27
W hen you listen to m usic, you som etim es
want to tap your foot.W hen you listen to
m usic with a strong rhythm , you want to
dance.
W hat is rhythm ? Sing your favorite song,
and tap your foot, too.T he sound of your
foot is the rhythm of the song. The rhythm
of a roclt band is strong.W hen you listen,
you want to m ove or dance.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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Today there's m usic everywhere. People
listen to m usic at hom e or in their car.
W ith an M P3 player, they can listen to
their favorite songs when they are on a
train or w alking in the streets.
W here does a song com e from ? First: a
songwriter writes a song and m usicians play
it.-l-hey practice, then they play the song in
a recording studio in front of a m icrophone.
ln the studio, a sound engineer uses
recording equipm ent and records the song.
N ow the song is a lot of digital signals.The
sound engineer uses a com puter and w orks
with the signals.This m akes the sound of
the song better.
,
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were about 130 years ago.
The first m icrophones were
tike big trumpets.
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)t'Go to pages 38-39 f0r activities.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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In the past, it w asn't so easy to buy m usic.
About 100 years ago, people started to
buy records.They played them on record
players. Later, there were big jukeboxes
in cafs. ln a jultebox there were about
50 records. People put coins in the jultebox
and it played their favorite song. About
40 years ago, there were cassettes.They
w ere good because people played them
in their cars. Then about 30 years ago,
there were com pact discs, or CD s.
Today, people can buy m usic on the
lnternet. The m usic com es to their
com puter or phone. The m usic is m ade of
thousands of digital signals.T hese signals
stay on the com puter or phone, and people
can listen to the m usic when they w ant.
People can also m ove the m usic from their
com puter to their M P3 player.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
13/27
D on't listen to very loud m usic with
earphones. It can hurt your ears. O ther
loud noises can be good, like the sound
of a car. It tells youn KA car is com ing.
D on't cross the street now o' Alw ays listen
carefully before you cross the street.
Listen to m usicn listen to people's voices,
listen to the w ind. U se your ears and listen
to a11 the sounds around you
.,,
()l GO to pages 42-43 for activities.
7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
14/27
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7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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7/24/2019 10. Sound and Music
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Circle the correct words.
1 Percussion instruments make a sound when the
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cat wind earphones
car jackhammer street
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animacs bad com ing car m easure listen
1 W e sound in decibets.
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5 W hat sounds do y0u tike?
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