10. Sound and Music

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Richard Northcott

lll , - Introduction 3

1i:ll''

1 How Sound Moves 4

2 Low Sounds, High Sounds 6

3 Your Voice 8

4 M usicat lnstruments 10

5 M usic Around the W ortd 12

6 Orchestras and Concerts 14

7 Rhythm 16

8 Recordinj Music 18

9 Buying M usic 20

10 Sound and Noise 22

Activities 24

Projects 44

Picture Dictionary 46

About Read and Blscover 48

OXTORD

UNIVERSITY PRESS

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3/27

NIAJERSIT' Prtzsss

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ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS

Jllustmfftlcs hy: Alan Rowe pp.24,30,34. 41, 42.46, 47. Kelly

Ifennedy pp.4, 19, 22' 1an Moores pp.5,7, 8 15, 28'Dusan

Pavlic/Beehive lllustration pp.24,30, 34,38,42. 46,47.

The J'QH.skt'r. TISI;i//J also like &.' tkank j's'fp//tlls/fnffp- P7t?f?- kinti

pcrTrlfssftlr 17 reprpclucc phologrflphs tnl. aht?r crlpyrfght l't:f'v-zi:

Alamy 17.4 (Andrew Fox), 7 (Fine -&l't Commercial/baby),

9 (Tarelt Elluan/singing lesson), 12 (Peter Horree/gamelan,

GM Photo Images,tango band), 13 (ltlausqverner Friedrich/

ltoo player), 15 (''e Prinf Collecror),16 (Giarlni Muratore),

2 1 (Eddie Gerald/graniophone),22 (Tim. Cuffl'Corbis pp.9

(@ IIA-A N-tkxlll-lsl-lll/Reutei's/throat singer). 13 (@ Frdric

Soltan/sygma/sitar player), 14 ((() Jacques Sal-rat/syglnal, 17 (@

Ancly Itain/epa/bandl; Getty lmages pp.7 (David llrazier/stone/

truck), 17 (altrendo images/llamenco), 20 (Ryan Mcvay/stoile),

23 (Matt Gray/stonel' Oxford Universlty Press pp.3, 10, 11,

18, 19,21 (cassettes and cdsl; Photolibral'y 13T3.6 (David Deas),

21 (lric Nathan/Britain on Wew/jukebox).

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bout sound and usicre a


4/27

H ow does sound m ove through the air?

The air is m ade of billions of m olecules.

The m olecules are very sm all, so you can't

see them .

Your voice pushes the m olecules. T he

m olecules m ove like waves in the ocean.

T he m ovem ents of the m olecules are

called sound w aves.

T he sound waves from loud sounds go

far.-fhe sound w aves from quiet sounds

don't go far.

W hen you spealt, sing, or shout, the sound

of your voice m oves through the air. The

sound goes to other people, and they hear

it. Sound m oves very fast.

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5/27

Som e sounds are 1ow and som e sounds

are high.W e can hear 1ow sounds and

high sounds everywhere. A plane m akes

a low sound, but when birds sing, they

m ake a high sound.

Think about the strings of a guitar. The

thin strings m ake a high sound and the

thick strings m alte a 1ow sound.

The thin guitar strings vibrate fast.You can't

see them m ove. The thick strings vibrate

slow ly. These different types of vibration are

called frequency. The sound of the thin

strings has a high frequency.The sound of

the thick strings has a 1ow frequency.

A baby's cry m altes a high sound and it has

a high frequency. A truck m akes a 1ow

sound and it has a low frequency. A baby's

cry is m ade of lots of thin sound waves. The

sound w aves from a truclc are thicker.


6/27

Everyone's voice is different. A m an's voice

is usually lower than a wom an's voice.

Put your hand on the front of your throat

and say som ething.W hen you speakn your

throat vibrates. ln your throat, you have

vocal cords.W hen you speak, air from your

lungs goes between your vocal cords, and

your vocal cords vibrate. W hen you sing, you use your m outh, your

throat, and your chest.You m alte your vocal

cords shorter or longer, so that you can sing

high notes or 1ow notes. Singers can learn


7/27

Let's look at different m usical instrum ents.

Som e are called w ind instrum ents. Players

use air from their lungs when they play a

wind instrum ent.

Trum pet players press the trum pet on

their lips and they blow air into the

trum pet. T heir lips vibrate, then the air in

the trum pet vibrates and m altes a sound.

i

..

W hen a drum m er hits

a drum , the air in the

drum vibrates and

m altes a sound. Other

instrum ents, like

cym bals or xylophones,

m ake a sound w hen the

player hits them . These

instrum ents are called

percussion instrum ents.

G uitars, violins, and cellos are stringed

instrum ents. G uitar players pluck the strings

of a guitar, but violin and cello players use a

bow. T hey touch the strings with the bow

and the strings vibrate.


8/27

A round the w orld you can tind thousands

of different m usical instrum ents.

ln Bali in Indonesia, there are orchestras

called gam elans. In a gam elan there are lots

of different percussion instrum ents.The

players in a gam elan usually sit on the floor.

T he bandoneon is a type of wind

instrum ent. lt's like a box with air inside.

You squeeze it and it m akes a sound. ln

Argentina, you can listen to bandoneon

players in the streets.

T he ltoto is a stringed instrum ent from

Japan. lt has 13 strings. Koto players pluck

the strings with their thum b and two

fingers.The players m ove the sm all, white

bridges to m ake different notes.

The sitar is a stringed instrum ent from

lndia. It isn't easy to play. lt has lots of

strings. Som e sitars have 23 strings.


9/27

T he m usicians in an orchestra listen to their

instrum ent, and to a11 the other instrum ents

at the sam e tim e. T he m usicians watch their

conductor, too.

M usicians in an orchestra always practice

before a concert. W hen they practice, the

conductor som etim es tells them to play

slow er, or m ore loudly. C onductors m ove

their hands and arm s to help the orchestra.

N ot a11 room s are good for concerts. In a

room with flat w alls, the sound of the m usic

can bounce off the walls and m alte an echo.

ln concert halls, the w alls are not flat. They

are usually m ade of different panels. T he

sound bounces in different ways so there's

no echo.


10/27

W hen you listen to m usic, you som etim es

want to tap your foot.W hen you listen to

m usic with a strong rhythm , you want to

dance.

W hat is rhythm ? Sing your favorite song,

and tap your foot, too.T he sound of your

foot is the rhythm of the song. The rhythm

of a roclt band is strong.W hen you listen,

you want to m ove or dance.


11/27

Today there's m usic everywhere. People

listen to m usic at hom e or in their car.

W ith an M P3 player, they can listen to

their favorite songs when they are on a

train or w alking in the streets.

W here does a song com e from ? First: a

songwriter writes a song and m usicians play

it.-l-hey practice, then they play the song in

a recording studio in front of a m icrophone.

ln the studio, a sound engineer uses

recording equipm ent and records the song.

N ow the song is a lot of digital signals.The

sound engineer uses a com puter and w orks

with the signals.This m akes the sound of

the song better.

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were about 130 years ago.

The first m icrophones were

tike big trumpets.

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)t'Go to pages 38-39 f0r activities.


12/27

In the past, it w asn't so easy to buy m usic.

About 100 years ago, people started to

buy records.They played them on record

players. Later, there were big jukeboxes

in cafs. ln a jultebox there were about

50 records. People put coins in the jultebox

and it played their favorite song. About

40 years ago, there were cassettes.They

w ere good because people played them

in their cars. Then about 30 years ago,

there were com pact discs, or CD s.

Today, people can buy m usic on the

lnternet. The m usic com es to their

com puter or phone. The m usic is m ade of

thousands of digital signals.T hese signals

stay on the com puter or phone, and people

can listen to the m usic when they w ant.

People can also m ove the m usic from their

com puter to their M P3 player.


13/27

D on't listen to very loud m usic with

earphones. It can hurt your ears. O ther

loud noises can be good, like the sound

of a car. It tells youn KA car is com ing.

D on't cross the street now o' Alw ays listen

carefully before you cross the street.

Listen to m usicn listen to people's voices,

listen to the w ind. U se your ears and listen

to a11 the sounds around you

.,,

()l GO to pages 42-43 for activities.


14/27

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15/27


16/27


17/27

Circle the correct words.

1 Percussion instruments make a sound when the

L (1i' )/ tucks them.ayer,

...

1: p

2 Xylophones are wind / percussion instruments.

3 Att stringed / wind instruments have strings.

4 PEayers ptuck the strings or use a drum / bow.

5 Cellos / Trumpets and ftutes are wind instruments.

6 W hen the air / voice in a trumpet vibrates, it

makes a sound.

3 Com ptete the sentences about you.

W rite can or cant

1 I ptay the guitar.

2 1 si ng .

3 I ptay the trum pet.

4 W rite about your friends and family.

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