Maintaining Healthy Landscapes

IPM/PHC

Integrated Pest Management

IPM– an environmentally sensitive approach to

controlling pests that does not rely totally on pesticides.

– Focus is on the pest rather than on the plant.

– PROPER PLANT CARE IS PART OF IPM

Plant Health Care

PHC– A holistic system that focuses more on

healthy landscapes rather than the pest.– Coined by the International Society of

Arborists.

Pest Management

NO MATTER WHAT YOU CALL IT, MAINTAINING A HEALTHY LANDSCAPE REQUIRES MUCH MORE THAN SPRAYING PESTS.

PHC

1. Know your plants– Culture/Care/Siting– Start right (soil

preparation)

Black plastic under rock

PHC

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Black plastic under rock

Down spout

Study the landscape ecosystem– How does the

soil/site influence the plant and/or pest?

PHC

Determine key problem– Monitor, Scout– Identify/Diagnose

Pest• Insect, Disease,

Weed vs. Abiotic

PHC

Optimize plant health– What’s being done

wrong in the culture of plant? Fertility, water, etc.

– If pest is present, is it primary or secondary?

IPM

Step 0: Grow plant the right way (assumption)Step 1: Monitor, ScoutStep 2: Identify pestStep 3: Manage pest using the knowledge of– why is pest present– life cycle of pest

Pest Management (IPM)

Cultural controlMechanical control (Physical control)Biological controlChemical control– pesticide use

• used as a last resort IN CONJUCTION WITH CULTURAL, MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS

Cultural Control (IPM)

Same as PHC steps of– know your plants– study landscape ecosystem– optimize plant health

Cultural Control (IPM)

Sanitation - removal of insect infested, diseased plant parts. Clean up plant debris.Modify the environment (so pest is not favored, plant health is)

Cultural Control (IPM)

Modification of environment– Induced competition

• ie encourage dense ground covers to reduce weeds by competition

– Water management• ie avoid over watering, avoid water on leaf

surface by watering – Selective pruning/spacing

• to open up plantings and allow for more air circulation

Mechanical Control (IPM)

Physically removing a pest or infested plant– Washing off aphids

with a garden hose– pulling a weed

Physical barriers– using row covers,

screen, etc.

Biological Control (IPM)

Natural controlPredatorsParasitesDiseasesBioantagonists

Biocontrol

Natural control– Weather extremes

• freeze• wind• rain

Biocontrol

Predators (insect control)– insects or spiders that require several prey

to complete their development• Predatory beetles• Lacewings• Flies• True bugs• Wasps• Spiders and mites

Eggs

Biocontrol

Examples of predators– Ladybird beetles

Larva

Adult

Eggs

Biocontrol

Examples of predators– Green lacewing

AdultLarva

Biocontrol

– Hunting waspExamples of predators– Predatory stinkbug

Biocontrol

Parasites– Require one host to complete

development.– Adults lay eggs in or on host.

Biocontrol

Examples of parasites– Wasps

– Aphid parasites

Adult wasp

Larva

Aphid mummy

Biocontrol

Parasitic nematodes– Parasitic nematodesFigure

1: Life cycle of Steinernemanematodes. 1, 2: invasion and colonization of insect. 3,4: development within insect. 5: exit from dead insect and invasion of new host. Drawing courtesy of University of Illinois

.

Biocontrol

• Tree and shrub insects• Tent caterpillars. • Fall webworm.• Leafrollers. • Red-humped

caterpillar. • Spiny elm

caterpillar. • Western spruce

budworm. • Pine budworm. • Pine butterfly.

Diseases– BT (Bacillus

thuringiensis) for insect control

– Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Dipel, MVP, Steward, Thuricide, etc.):

Biocontrol

Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– Kurstaki strain (Biobit, Dipel, MVP,

Steward, Thuricide, etc.):• Vegetable insects

• Cabbage worms (cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm, diamondback moth, etc.).

• Tomato and tobacco hornworm.

Biocontrol

Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– Israelensis strains (Vectobac, Skeetal,

Gnatrol, Bactimos, etc.) • Mosquito. • Black fly. • Fungus gnats

Biocontrol

Diseases– BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for insect control– San diego/tenebrionis strains (Trident, M-

One, M-Trak, Foil, Novodor, etc.) • Colorado potato beetle. • Elm leaf beetle. • Cottonwood leaf beetle.

Bioccontrol

Use of plant pathogens for weed control??– Potential is being explored– Pathogens are harder to manipulate– Don’t give high mortality rates

Biocontrol

Bioantagonists or biofungicides (plant disease control)4 mechanisms of action– Direct competition– Antibiosis– Predation or parasitism– Induced resistance

Biocontrol

Bioantagonists or biofungicides (plant disease control)– For soilborne

diseases– Are preventive– Do not work well at

high pathogen levels

– Trade names• Deny• Kodiak• MycoStop• Root Shield/Plant

Shield• SoilGard

Chemical Control (IPM)

Pesticides– Any chemical (natural or synthetic) that

mitigates (kills, controls) a pest (animal or plant, etc)

Chemical Control (IPM)

Herbicide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable plants.• Will kill any plant not just weeds

Chemical Control (IPM)

Insecticide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable insects.

Chemical Control (IPM)

Fungicide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable fungi.

Chemical Control (IPM)

Miticide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable mites.Acaracide– is a broader way to define this…..

• Kills spiders, ticks and mites

Chemical Control (IPM)

Bactericide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable bacteria.

Chemical Control (IPM)

Molluscicide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable pest mollusks.• Slugs• Snails

Chemical Control (IPM)

Nematicide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable pest nematodes.• Slugs• Snails

Chemical Control (IPM)

Rodenticide– a chemical substance used to kill

undesirable rodents.

Chemical Control (IPM)

Pesticides– SO WHAT’’S THE BIG DEAL????