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What is BiologyWhat is Biology??•Bios- =life•-logy = study of•Study of Life

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Are you alive? What are you made of?

Major Branches of Biology:Major Branches of Biology:1. Botany

• Plant Biology

2. Zoology• Study of animals

What makes something What makes something alive?alive?

(What do all living things have in common?)(What do all living things have in common?)

Think/Pair/Share

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Cytology:Genetics:Ecology:

Characteristics of Living Things

1.  Made up of Cells -Multi- or uni-

2.  Can reproduce3.  Grow and Develop4.  Obtain & use material

for energy5.  Maintain a stable

internal environment

Homeostasis

Metabolism

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Textbook pgs 15-19

Characteristics of Living Things

6. Based on a universal genetic code

7. Change over time8. Response to their

Environment

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Evolution

DNA

CellsCells

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ReproductionAsexual Asexual ReproductionReproduction

Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is the formation of is the formation of new new individuals fromindividuals from the the cell(s) of acell(s) of a single parent.

Offspring genetically the same

It is very common It is very common in plants; less so in in plants; less so in animals. animals.

Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction

Sexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the fusion of gametes.

Two parents

Offspring genetically different

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MetabolismMetabolism•Sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.

•Breakdown and build up.

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Universal Genetic Universal Genetic MaterialMaterial

•DNA•Information passed from parent to offspring

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Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings

1. Made Up of Cells2. Reproduce3. Are Based on a Genetic Code4. Growth and Development5. Need for Materials and Energy6. Response to the Environment7. Maintaining Internal Balance8. Evolution (change over time)

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• Scientific method Intro Clip

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Goals1.Explain the relationships between structures and function in living cells.

2.Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.

3.Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

Organic Organic ChemistryChemistry• Study of Compounds that Study of Compounds that

contain contain CarbonCarbon..

• Why is carbon so interesting?Why is carbon so interesting?1-Carbon has 1-Carbon has 44 valence electrons. valence electrons.

2-Carbon has the 2-Carbon has the ability to form ability to form more compoundsmore compounds than any other than any other element.element.

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Organic Compounds contain Carbon.

All living things contain the element

Carbon.

CARBON SKELETONSCARBON SKELETONS

CREATES DIVERSITY

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Organic Compounds contain Carbon.

What are we composed of?-We have structure-

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Elements

Covalent bondsAtoms

Compounds

Macromolecules

Cell

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acid

Carbon compounds

Functional groups

Nucleus

DNA

Ribosomes

Endomembrane

Organelles

Organic Compounds contain Carbon.

make up

make up

make up

Macromolecules of Life

4 basic Molecules4 basic Molecules

1.1.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2.LipidsLipids

3.3.ProteinsProteins

4.4.Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

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Sports Tip of the Day

Carbohydrates=energy

18Carbohydrates = Sugars

Carbohydrates=energy

Carbohydrates2 main functions

1)1) Provide energy to living Provide energy to living cells.cells. – Main Source of energy.Main Source of energy.

2) Structural Components2) Structural Components-cell walls-cell walls

• Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)Elements: CHO (1:2:1 ratio)– The name carbohydrate means The name carbohydrate means

"watered carbon" or carbon "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.with attached water molecules.

19Carbohydrates=energy

Vocabulary Check•Monomer- Single unitMonomer- Single unit•Polymer- many unitsPolymer- many units

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Many molecules are made of up one or more smaller units.One

Monomer +One

Monomer=Polymer

Carbohydrates=energy

   

This is PAUL LEMUR. This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul.He's a lemur named Paul.

JOKE BREAK

21Carbohydrates=energy

Monosaccharides

one sugar unit

•Glucose- plants make during photosynthesis

•Galactose-milk

C6H12O6

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Apple JuiceRNA

Simple sugarsCarbohydrates=energy

DisacchridesDisacchrides•two sugars

What molecule will this make?

23Complex sugar

Carbohydrates=energy

Sucrose•Table SugarTable Sugar•Plant transportPlant transport

DisacchridesDisacchrides 24

Carbohydrates=energy

PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess

• Glycogen (pictured)Glycogen (pictured)• Glycogen functions as a Glycogen functions as a fuel storefuel store in in

animals. -animals. -Large amounts are stored inLarge amounts are stored in liver liver and muscleand muscle and maintain circulating blood and maintain circulating blood

glucose levels between meals.glucose levels between meals.

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•““Many sugars”Many sugars”

Complex sugar

Carbohydrates=energy

26PolysaccharidePolysaccharidess •““Many sugars”Many sugars”

Carbohydrates=energy

•Starch- Starch- plants plants store store sugars sugars in this in this form.form.

Viewed under a microscope, the starch Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells are visible as grains in these plants cells are visible as

small dots. small dots.

27PolysacchariPolysacchari

dede

Carbohydrates=energy

Energy•Carbohydrates store energy in

their chemical bonds.•Your body breaks down the

sugars to get energy.

Animation

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PolysacchariPolysaccharidede

Carbohydrates=energy

PlantPlant Cell Walls Cell Walls•Cellulose

29Structure

PolysacchariPolysaccharidede

Carbohydrates=Structure

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storage

storage

structure

Carbohydrates=energy & structure

Carbohydrates Review

Used for:• Carbohydrates are the major source of energy

for most living things and include sugars, like glucose and sucrose, and starches. – Starches are long chains of sugars.

• Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes. – An example of this is cellulose, which is found in plant cell

walls, and chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.

Made of:• Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

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Carbohydrate Review Clip (Std Dev)

Long-term Energy StorageLong-term Energy StorageMore carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than carbohydrates. than carbohydrates.

Commonly called Commonly called fats, oils, and fats, oils, and waxeswaxes.. They are They are insoluble in waterinsoluble in water due due to the nonpolarity of the to the nonpolarity of the molecules. molecules.

Make good cell membranes.Make good cell membranes.

Lipids Lipids OverviewOverview

32Elements:C, H, O

Lipids=Store energy & membranes

Cells use lipids for:Cells use lipids for:Long-term energy storage. Long-term energy storage. Cushions & Insulation.Cushions & Insulation.Protective coatings & Protective coatings & WaterproofingWaterproofingCell membranes Cell membranes (Phospholipids).(Phospholipids).

ExamplesExamples::Fats, oils, waxesFats, oils, waxesCutin Cutin in plants. It helps plants in plants. It helps plants retain water (waterproofing).retain water (waterproofing).

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Lipids=Store energy & membranes

StructurStructure of e of

LipidsLipids

•Glycerol Glycerol backbonbackbone w/ 3 e w/ 3 fatty fatty acid acid chainschains

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GlycerolGlycerol fatty acid chainsfatty acid chains

ENERGY stored in the C-H

bonds!

Lipids=Cushions & Protects

•Lipids “don’t like” water.

Phospholipids & Membrane StructurePhospholipids & Membrane Structure35

Lipids=Store energy & membranes

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Saturated Fat-No double bonds,

so they lay flat."the enemy"

-Solid at room Temperature

Unsaturated Fat-Double bonds, so

they DO NOT lay flat."the good guys"!

-Liquid at room Temperature

Lipids=Cushions & Protects

Lipids ReviewUsed for:• Lipids provide insulation, store energy,

cushion internal organs, and are found in biological membranes.

• The waterproof, waxy surface of some leaves contains lipids. – Examples of lipids include fats and oils.

Made of:• Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, &

oxygen.• The structural building block of a lipid is the

fatty acid combined with glycerol (a type of alcohol).

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ProteinsProteins FunctionsFunctions• Transport moleculesTransport molecules

• HemoglobinHemoglobin transports oxygen transports oxygen

• Storage moleculesStorage molecules• Iron stored in the liver in a protein complexIron stored in the liver in a protein complex

• Mechanical supportMechanical support• Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain collagencollagen

• HormonesHormones• EnzymesEnzymes

• Speed up chemical reactionsSpeed up chemical reactions• Helps control metabolism.Helps control metabolism.

• Immune SystemImmune System• AntibodiesAntibodies in the immune system in the immune system

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C, H, O, N, S

Proteins-Proteins-StructureStructure

•Elements: CHONSElements: CHONS•Made of small units Made of small units called called Amino AcidsAmino Acids

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Amino AcidsAmino Acids

•Amino Acids are the building blocks of

proteins.

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Bonds that

holds Amino Acids

together is called

a Peptide Bond.

JOKE BREAK…..

•Protein can be large complex molecules.

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Function of a protein depends

on the Amino Acid sequence, shape and its

ability to recognize and bind to some

other molecule.

Denaturing Proteins• pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, protein

may unravel and lose its conformation and no longer works.

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•Can have fatal consequences.

•Ex: Inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of a protein chain out of 146.

When the amino acid sequesnce is wrong:Sickle Cell Anemia:

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Proteins ReviewUsed for:• Proteins include: enzymes, some

hormones, antibodies, and various structural parts of organisms are proteins. – These protein molecules differ in the number,

kinds, and sequence of amino acids they contain.

Made of:• Proteins are made up of chains of amino

acids. The 20 amino acids can be combined to form a great variety of protein molecules in living things.

…are PROTEINS!!!!!!

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•Enzymes speed up chemical reaction.

•These reaction would take place anyway… enzymes just speed them up!

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Enzymes are biological catalysts

-A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction.

Enzymes are proteins

Examples of an Enzyme

Examples of an Enzyme

Without an enzyme!

With an enzyme!

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How do ENZYMES work?1. The enzyme attaches to

one or more of the reactants in a reaction.

2. The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as the substrates.

3. The part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches to the enzyme is called the active site.

4. The shape of the active site only fits the shape of the substrate, somewhat like a lock fits a key. In this way only the correct

substrate binds to the enzyme.

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Active Site

Animation

Reactants/

Substrates

Enzyme

Enzymes can only bind to certain substrates this is known as the Lock-and-Key Mechanism. When the reaction is over the Enzyme is left as it was.

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Animation

•Once the enzyme and substrate are together, the enzyme holds the substrate so the reaction can occur.

•Once the reaction is over, the enzyme unlocks the product and the enzyme can start a new reaction with an identical substrate.

•Enzymes are not permanently changed or used up in reactions

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Animation

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzyme

Reaction pathwaywith enzyme

Reactants

Products

Effect of Enzymes

Go to Section:

Enzymes work by LOWERING the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed.

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How do you speed up enzymes?

1.Add more of the enzyme.

• Warm up the enzyme! Don’t warm it too much or it may denature and stop working.

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A change in the pHchange in the pH of the enzyme can cause a change in the shape of the active site, therefore changing the activity of the enzyme.

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Animation

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Each Chemical reaction in your Each Chemical reaction in your body body is helpedis helped along by a along by a different enzyme.different enzyme.

Enzymes have Enzymes have 44 special features in special features in commoncommon

1. They do notdo not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. They just make the processes take place faster!

2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions.

3. The same enzyme works for the forward and reverse directions of a reaction.

4 Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate.

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Enzyme pH and Conc lab animation

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Nucleic acids

are complex

macro-molecules

that store

genetic

information

in cells in the

form of a

code.

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Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info

39Function:Stores and transmits genetic information

•Two TYPES of nucleic acids –

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

– double strand of genetic information

2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS C, H, O, N, P

Nucleic Acid=Store & Transmit Genetic Info

• Nucleotides (monomers) have 3 parts:

1. A phosphate group

2. A sugar3. A base.

40Polymers of nucleotides

Stores and transmits genetic information

Nucleic Acids ReviewUsed for:• Nucleic acids contain all the information that an

organism needs to live. • Nucleic acids direct the construction of

proteins. The genetic information an organism receives from its parents is in the form of nucleic acids.

Made of:• The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are composed of chains of nucleotides.

• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

REVIEW OF MACROMOLECULES

From the EOCT study guide:

EOCT Practice Question #1:

Which of these molecules are used to store energy in living things?

A) carbohydrates and lipidsB) carbohydrates and proteinsC) lipids and proteinsD) lipids and nucleic acids

EOCT Practice Question #2:

Hereditary information is determined by

molecules of…A) carbohydratesB) lipidsC) nucleotidesD) proteins

SMARTBOARD Review…..Now it’s your turn!