Post on 17-Jan-2016
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資訊隱藏技術之研究資訊隱藏技術之研究 The Study of Information Hiding MecThe Study of Information Hiding Mec
hanismshanisms
指導教授： 指導教授： Chang, Chin-Chen (Chang, Chin-Chen ( 張真誠張真誠 ))研究生： 研究生： Lu, Tzu-Chuen (Lu, Tzu-Chuen ( 呂慈純呂慈純 ))
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,National Chung Cheng University
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Information HidingInformation Hiding
Sender
Receiver
Internet
illegalInformation
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Information HidingInformation Hiding
Sender
Receiver
Internet
illegal
Information
Information
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Information Hiding - LSBInformation Hiding - LSB
Information1011010111101011H
00000101 00001010 00001011 00001100
00010100 00011111 00101000 00110011
00011011 00001010 00010001 00101101
00100101 01010101 00001111 00100010
34158537
45171027
51403120
1211105
Image
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
5 11 10 13
20 31 41 51
27 10 17 44
37 85 14 35
Least Significant Bit (LSB)
Stego Image
5
Information Hiding - LSBInformation Hiding - LSB
34158537
45171027
51403120
1211105
Image
35148537
44171027
51413120
1310115
Stego-Image
MSE = 222 353411105516
1 =0.4375
PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) =
MSElog
2
10
25510 =51.72
Payload = 1 (bit per pixel, bpp)
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Information Hiding - LSBInformation Hiding - LSB
00000101 00001011 00001000 00001111
00010110 00011101 00101001 00110001
00011001 00001010 00010011 00101110
00100101 01010111 00001100 00100001
PSNR = 43.27Payload = 2 bpp
Trade-off: Image quality and Payload
Robustness
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•Pixel Domain
– Quantization-based Information Hiding Scheme
– A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme
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Pixel Domain Pixel Domain
Quantization-based Information Quantization-based Information
Hiding SchemeHiding Scheme
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Quantization-based Information Hiding SchemeQuantization-based Information Hiding Scheme
34158537
45171027
51403120
1211105
ImageInformation
1011010111101011H
0110101101011000K
1101110000000110S 35158538
45171027
51403220
1212106
Modified Image
6 12
10
8q
35158538
45171027
51403220
1212106
Modified Image
1101110000000110S
0 255
8 16 24 32 248240
1 2 3 32314
1 0 1 0 1 0
11
2
68116
2
1
AqA
AA
18
6
q
AA
6
0 8 16 24
1 0 111
11
35158538
45171027
51403220
12121011
Modified Image
1101110000000110S
8q0 255
8 16 24 32 248240
1 2 3 32314
1 0 1 0 1 0
13
2
108210
2
AqA
AA
28
10
q
AA
10
0 8 16 24
1 0 113
12
Quantization-based Information Hiding SchemeQuantization-based Information Hiding Scheme
- Extraction Process- Extraction Process
37198643
50201333
53444026
14141311
Stego Image
8q0 255
8 16 24 32 248240
1 2 3 32314
1 0 1 0 1 0
S 00 00000110110111
PSNR = 34.91Payload = 1 bpp
0110101101011000K
1011010111101011H
13
otherwise.12
0if2
,qAA
s,qAAA i
37198643
50201333
53444026
14141311
Stego Image
1101110000000110S
688
111122
qAAA*
1088
13132
*A
6
0 255
8 16 24 48 24856
1 2 3 32314
1 0 1 0 1 0
51188
53532
*A
1
7
1051
14
35158538
45171027
51403220
1212106
Repaired Image
37198643
50201333
53444026
14141311
Stego Image
PSNR = 34.91Payload = 1 bpp
PSNR = 53.18Payload = 1 bpp
Quantization-based Information Hiding SchemeQuantization-based Information Hiding Scheme
-Repairing Process-Repairing Process
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37198643
50201333
53444026
14141311
Stego Image
Quantization-based Information Hiding SchemeQuantization-based Information Hiding Scheme
-Robustness-Robustness
1101110000000110S
37228643
50181333
53444029
1014139
Stego Image
1101110000000110*S
8q0 255
8 16 24 32 248240
1 2 3 32314
1 0 1 0 1 0
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
Modified Images
Stego Images4q
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
PSNR Lena Peppers Airplane Baboon
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Modified Image 51.14 51.13 51.14 51.15
Stego Image 34.79 34.80 34.86 34.81
Repaired Image 51.14 51.13 51.14 51.15
4
Modified Image 51.15 51.13 51.14 51.12
Stego Image 40.71 40.72 40.74 40.73
Repaired Image 51.15 51.13 51.14 51.12
q
Payload: 1 bpp
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Pixel Domain Pixel Domain
A Difference Expansion Oriented A Difference Expansion Oriented
Data Hiding SchemeData Hiding Scheme
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A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme A Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme
Hiding Process Hiding Process
0 A AA
A A 0A
Au0 u1 u2
k
iiuk 1
1
20
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
h =1
Image
3 2 4 5
3 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
33
423
235 Ad 0 A
2
A
4 h=1
812232 hdA
8
255)1 2( d
21
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
Image
3 2 4 8
3 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
43
842
134 Ad
111242 hdA
A A 0
1
Expandableh =1
1- 20 d
22
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
Image
3 2 4 8
1 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
43
184
224 Ad
112242 hdA
A 0 A
Non-Expandable
h =1
1- 20 d
23
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
Image
3 2 4 8
1 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
224 Ad
112
224
22
hd
A A 0 A
Changeable
1
h =1
1- 2
20
d
24
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
Image
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
19190 Ad
3911920 A
Expandableh =1
03
011
d > Threshold = 10
1912
1920
A
Changeable
19
25
Hiding ProcessHiding Process
Image
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
000 Ad
112
020
A
A 0
A
Non-Changeable
0h =1
1- 2
20
d
26
A Difference Expansion Oriented A Difference Expansion Oriented
Data Hiding SchemeData Hiding Scheme
Image
3 2 4 8
2 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
Location Map
PSNR: 44.99Payload: 0.56 bpp
27
33
423
583 Ad
52
153
2
hd
A
3 2 4 83 2 4 5
1 2mod52mod dh
A0 A
d
Extraction Process for ExpandableExtraction Process for Expandable3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
28
Extraction SchemeExtraction Scheme for Expandable for Expandable
43
842
314 Ad
32
134
2
hd
A
2 4 8 12 4 8 3
1 2mod52mod dh
A 0 A
d
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
29
43
184
314 d
22
1324
22
hd
A
4 8 1 14 8 1 2
1 2mod3 h
Extraction Process for ChangeableExtraction Process for Changeable
A 0 A
d
1 2
20
d
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
30
0
0d
0 0 0 00 0 0 0
Extraction Process for non-ChangeableExtraction Process for non-Changeable
-11 2
0201
220
d
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
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A Difference Expansion Oriented A Difference Expansion Oriented
Data Hiding SchemeData Hiding Scheme
Image
3 2 4 8
2 2 0 19
0 0 0 0
4 3 1 4
3 2 4 8
1 1 0 19
0 0 0 0
9 2 0 6
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
Location Map
PSNR: 44.99Payload: 0.56 bpp
0100101
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 63 69
Threshold (T)
Pay
load
(bp
p)
Lena Baboon Barbara Boats GoldHill F16
Pepper Tiffany Toy Zelda F14 Sailboat
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Experimental ResultsExperimental ResultsImage name Payload (bpp) PSNR (dB)
Barbara 0.651 33.840
Baboon 0.539 32.642
Boats 0.787 34.575
Gold Hill 0.794 32.939
F14 0.737 33.889
F16 0.850 35.818
Lena 0.857 34.794
Pepper 0.880 35.277
Sailboat 0.776 33.294
Tiffany 0.880 35.355
Toys 0.846 35.362
Zelda 0.921 36.343
15T
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
PSNR (dB)
Pay
load
(bp
p)
Tian Celik Proposed
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Sender
Receiver
Internet
Compressed codes:1011101111…..
Information
?
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Sender
Receiver
Internet
Compressed codes:1011101111…..Information
Information
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• Index Domain
– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Switching Tree Coding
– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ
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Index DomainIndex Domain
Reversible Hiding Scheme Reversible Hiding Scheme
based on Switching Tree Codingbased on Switching Tree Coding
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Vector Quantization (VQ)Vector Quantization (VQ)
Original Image
Index table
VQ Encoder
7 7
9 10
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Vector Quantization (VQ)Vector Quantization (VQ)
Reconstructed Image
Index table
VQ Decoder
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Switching-Tree Coding Switching-Tree Coding (STC)(STC)
• Sheu proposed the STC algorithm in 1999• Re-encode the index table
the current index
U
L
Index Table
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• If A = 7, then A = U A’= 11
Switching-Tree Coding (STC)Switching-Tree Coding (STC)
• If A = 10, then A = L A’= 10
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If A = 14 A’=01 +‘00011’
Switching-Tree Coding Switching-Tree Coding (STC)(STC)
If A = 17 A’=00 +‘00010001’
• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)
Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)
Index table
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• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)
‘10’
0
Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)
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• Information : 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 …
A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)
‘10’
10+00+(128) …
Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)Information Hiding on STC Codes (IHSTC)
1
48
A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)
10 00+(128) … 10
Extraction and ReconstructionExtraction and Reconstruction
10 25 21 100 10 17 17
Information:0
49
A’ = 00+(10) 00+(25) 00+(21) … 00+(17)
10+ 00+(128) … 10
Extraction and ReconstructionExtraction and Reconstruction
10 25 21 100 10 17 17 128
66 237 100
Information: 01
100
50
Experiment ResultsExperiment Results
Image PSNR NSTCCompression
RatioPayload (bp
p)
Lena 29.87 11,129 0.39 0.04
Pepper 29.49 10,568 0.40 0.04
Baboon 23.079 4,771 0.55 0.02
Airplane 28.58 11,470 0.35 0.04
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Pixel Domain Pixel Domain Reversible Hiding Scheme Reversible Hiding Scheme
based on Side-Match VQbased on Side-Match VQ
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Vector Quantization (VQ)Vector Quantization (VQ)
Original Image
Index table
VQ Encoder
7 7
9 10
53
Side-Match VQ (SMVQ)Side-Match VQ (SMVQ)Seed Block
Seed Block
Residual Block
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X = (81, 15, 53, 34, 51,?, ?, ?, 91, ?, ?, ?, 49,?, ?, ?)
Codebook
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No. Codeword SED
0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76
1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36
2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65
3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17
4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50
5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83
6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87
7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53
State Codebook
000
56
Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQReversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ
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No. Codeword SED
0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76
1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36
2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65
3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17
4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50
5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83
6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87
7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53
State Codebook
000
Message Type = 0
SC0
SC1
Message Type = 1
h = 0
Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQReversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ
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No. Codeword SED
0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76
1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36
2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65
3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17
4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50
5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83
6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87
7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53
State Codebook
100
Message Type = 0
SC0
SC1
Message Type = 1
h = 1
Reversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQReversible Hiding Scheme based on Side-Match VQ
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X = (81, 15, 53, 34, 51,?, ?, ?, 91, ?, ?, ?, 49,?, ?, ?)
Extraction phaseExtraction phase 100
No. Codeword SED
0 81 6 43 28 60 86 66 19 27 88 57 40 19 18 10 6 72.76
1 78 42 14 63 54 66 54 39 27 54 68 98 40 70 28 4 85.36
2 9 62 69 21 29 4 11 68 68 24 80 74 79 79 49 56 98.65
3 99 78 28 14 77 58 24 60 29 87 24 77 35 73 38 48 100.17
4 56 20 61 72 6 33 77 51 22 33 5 91 83 1 99 49 100.50
5 54 88 49 26 17 2 5 19 16 51 52 50 90 15 53 34 120.83
6 11 63 91 90 4 50 23 62 58 53 34 85 53 59 94 12 122.87
7 2 88 0 69 52 19 25 79 88 96 73 35 37 61 73 6 125.53
h = 1
60
Extraction phase Extraction phase
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File name NC PSNR Payload Compression Ratio
Boats
256 23.17 14,063 0.35
512 24.33 14,186 0.35
1024 24.94 14,224 0.36
Jet(F16)
256 23.48 14,290 0.34
512 25.02 14,421 0.35
1024 25.36 14,371 0.36
Lena
256 24.05 14,703 0.34
512 25.12 14,737 0.34
1024 25.72 14,713 0.35
Pepper
256 23.44 14,528 0.34
512 24.74 14,591 0.35
1024 25.21 14,652 0.35
Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
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Experimental ResultsExperimental Results
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ConclusionsConclusions• Information Hiding
• Pixel-domain Hiding Schemes
– Quantization-based Hiding Scheme
– Difference Expansion Oriented Data Hiding Scheme
• Index-domain Hiding Schemes
– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on STC
– Reversible Hiding Scheme based on SMVQ
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Future WorksFuture Works
• Information Hiding Applications
– Watermarking
• Reversible Information Hiding
– Audio, Video, HTML, Text, DNA Sequence
• Other Compression Methods
– JPEG, Wavelet, MPEG
65
Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention