Post on 04-Jan-2016
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Psychology 320: Gender Psychology
Lecture 43
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Sexuality and Education:
2. Do males and females perform similarly in school?
1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. identify sex similarities and differences in sexual satisfaction.
3. describe contemporary trends in educational attainment for the sexes.
2. explain how gender equality, age, marital status, and “quality of life” are related to sexual satisfaction.
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Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?
• Research suggests small sex differences in sexual satisfaction:
Peterson and Hyde’s (2010) meta-analysis: d=.17.
• Laumann et al. (2006) found that sexual satisfaction is higher in cultures with gender-equal regimes than “male-centered” regimes
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Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships:
Gender-Equal Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PhysicalSatisfaction
EmotionalSatisfaction
Women
Men
Per
cent
age
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Percent of Respondents Reporting Satisfaction in their Sexual Relationships:
Male-Centered Regimes (Laumann et al., 2006)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PhysicalSatisfaction
EmotionalSatisfaction
Women
Men
Per
cent
age
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• More females (43%) than males (31%) report experiencing sexual dysfunction (Laumann et al., 1999).
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Males: low sexual desire (5%); premature ejaculation (21%); erectile dysfunction (5%).
Females: low sexual desire (22%); sexual arousal problems (14%); sexual pain (7%); orgasmic disorder (10-25%).
• Among the most common sexual dysfunctions are (Etaugh & Bridges, 2010; Laumann et al., 1999):
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• Laumann et al. (1999) noted the following correlates of sexual dysfunction:
1. Age: For females, prevalence decreases with age; for males, prevalence increases with age.
2. Marital status: Prevalence is higher among unmarried individuals (e.g., never married, divorced,
widowed) than married individuals.
3. Social status: Prevalence is higher among individuals of relatively low socioeconomic status.
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4. “Quality of life”: Individuals with sexual dysfunction report lower levels of physical satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, and general happiness than individuals without sexual dysfunction.
The quality of life of females is more strongly affected by sexual dysfunction than the quality of life of males.
Males who experience premature ejaculation do not report reduced quality of life.
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Do males and females perform similarly in school?
• Prior to the 1980s, males outperformed females in school. Today, however, females outperform males in school.
• This conclusion is evidenced by several lines of evidence:
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High School Grade Point Average by Sex, 1990-2005 (US Department of Education, 2007)
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
1990 1994 1998 2000 2005
Female
MaleGP
A
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High School Drop Out Rates by Sex, 1990-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2005)
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
1990 1995 2000 2005
Female
Male
Tho
usan
ds
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University Enrollment by Sex, 2004-2008 (Statistics Canada, 2009)
200
300
400
500
600
700
Female
Male
Tho
usan
ds
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Number of Undergraduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1995 2000 2005
Female
Male
Tho
usan
ds
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Number of Graduate Degrees Granted by Sex, 1995-2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008)*
1011121314151617181920
1995 2000 2005
Female
Male
Tho
usan
ds
* Master’s and doctorate degrees combined; more females than males earn master’s degrees; more males than females earn doctorate
degrees.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1981 1991 2001
Female
Male
Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds in the Labour Force with a University Degree by Sex, 1981-2001
(Statistics Canada, 2007)P
erce
ntag
e w
ith U
nive
rsity
Deg
ree
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Percentage of 25-29 Year Olds with a University Degree by Sex and Ethnicity, 1971-2006
(US Department of Education, 2007)
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Per
cent
age
with
Uni
vers
ity D
egre
e
19
• Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are more important predictors of educational attainment than sex.
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Major Field of Study Number of Females (Thousands)
Number of Males(Thousands)
Education, recreational and counselling services 528 233
Fine and applied arts 77 41
Humanities 285 201
Social sciences 394 336
Agricultural, biological, nutritional and food sciences
107 97
Health professions 281 135
Commerce, management and business administration
321 427
Applied science technologies and trades 3 9
Engineering and applied sciences 71 394
Mathematics, computer and physical sciences 109 229
Major Field of Study, Age 15 and Older, by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2001)
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• Although females outperform males in school, males perform similarly to females on standardized tests:
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Programme for International Student Assessment Test, 2006, 15-year-olds (Statistics Canada, 2006)
Reading: F > M (33 points).
Science: M = F (general; “using scientific evidence”); M > F (“explaining phenomena scientifically,” 17 points); F > M (“identifying scientific issues,” 14 points).
Math: M > F (14 points).
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Math: M > F (6 points)
National Assessment of Education Progress, 2008, 17-year olds (US Department of Education, 2009)
Reading: F > M (11 points)
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• The finding that females outperform males in school has led a number of writers to argue that there is a “boy crisis” in the school system:
Kindlon & Thompson (1999): Raising cain: Protecting the emotional life of boys.
Lewin (1998): How boys lost out to girl power.
Basow (2008): Gender socialization, or how long a way has baby come?
Sommers (2000): The war against boys.
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“The real story is not bad news about boys doing worse; it’s good news about girls doing better” (Mead, 2006).
• In response to this argument, other writers have argued that male performance has not decreased over
the years; rather, female performance has increased more dramatically than male performance.
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Sexuality and Education:
2. Do males and females perform similarly in school?
1. Are there sex differences in sexual satisfaction?