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Migrations of Homo sapiens“Peopling of the Earth”

Possible coastal routes of human migration

Possible landward routes of human migration

Migrations in Oceania

Human Origins200,000-250,000

years ago

Southwest Asia100,000 years ago

Europe40,000 years ago

Siberia40,000 years ago

Australiaas many as 60,000

years ago

North America12,000-30,000

years ago

Oceania1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E.

Chile12,000-13 ,000

years ago

How did geography shape the migration?

How did the Austronesian migration differ from other early patterns of human

movement?

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Remains discovered at Blombos Cave are one example of the more complex culture some humans were developing as many as 90,000 years ago.

View looking out of Blombos Cave to the Indian Ocean

Bone points from the cave

Ochre piece with scrapemarks. A person may havescraped the ochre to get powder to use to makebody paint.

The people who lived in this

seaside camp:

• Made sharp stone spear

points using methods that

appeared in Eurasia only

50,000 or more years later.

• Made objects from bone, the

earliest use of this material

known.

• Scored bits of bone and

ochre with marks that may

have had symbolic meaning.

Key Concept 1.2

Neolithic Revolution

Around 8,000 B.C., the Neolithic Revolution occurred & early humans discovered how

to farm & domesticate animals

Farming changed the way humans lived:

People no longer had to be nomads

Food surpluses led to population increases

Farming villages became established along river valleys for their good soil & irrigation

The Neolithic Revolution(9,000BCE-3,500BCE)

• Sometimes termed the Agricultural Revolution.• Humans begin to slowly domesticate plant and animal stocks in Southwest Asia.

• Agriculture requires nomadic peoples to become sedentary.

• Populations begin to rise in areas where plant and animal domestication occurs.

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which reflects the DOMESTICATION of…

and plantsanimals

One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :

Horticulture=hoe-based agriculture

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Crop-growing(cultivating domesticated

plants),

and…

11

the development of…

FARMING COMMUNITIES

To Farm or Not to Farm???

Agriculture Slowly Spreads

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Domestication of Plants and Animals

Farming

Surplus Food SpecializationPopulation

Intensification

Complex Society,also known asCIVILIZATION

1,000 years ago Today

Big Eras 4-9

10,000 years ago

Big Era 3

Big Era 2

Agriculture changed how people lived

Agriculture (Farming)

Agricultural Surplus

People Settle & Pop. grows

Growth of towns, then Cities

Division of Labor (Specialization)GovernmentSocial Stratification & Patriarchy!!Record KeepingCultural ExpressionTrade

Characteristics of Civilization

Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations

The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.

Note. 2 Exceptions to river valley pattern

Common Characteristics ??Common Characteristics ??

Water!!River Valley Civilizations (with exception of Americas)

Opportunity to adapt environmentSuitable for domesticated plants/animalsRelatively stable (a bit hot) climate

Early River Valley Civilizations

•Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

Environment

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Indus River Valley

China

•Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages•Deserts were natural barriers•Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers•Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations•Mountains and ocean natural barriers•Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations

Mesoamerica & Andes

Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished.

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America

The first states emerged within core civilizations.

Early civilizations based around city-statesPower new states replaced city-states as main political unit.Rulers were viewed as divine.Kept power by maintaining a strong military.Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!

Examples of early empires.

Mesopotamia- started as city-states (4000BC)Priests military leadersRulers viewed as representatives of gods

Empires emerged as city-states competed for power/resources.Akkad (2330-2100 BCE)Sargon the Great: Built first empire c. 2340 BCE.Babylonian Hammurabi: King of Babylon c.1792 BCEAssyrianFierce military tacticsLibrary *** Why so much conflict in this region

(Mesopotamia)?

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

Sargon of Akkad:The World’s First Empire

[Akkadians]

(2350 BC)

Key Civilizations in Mesopotamia

Babylonian Empire (1800-1500 B.C.)Most important king was HammurabiHammurabi’s Code282 laws that formed the basis of the Babylonian legal systemDifferent punishments for rich & poor“Eye for an eye”

Egyptian Religion & Politics

Pharaohs (God-Kings)Considered gods on Earth who ruled over gov’t, religion, & the militaryThis is known as a theocracy*Comparison: Mesopotamian kings were representatives of gods, but they themselves were not considered gods

Egyptian Religion & Politics

PyramidsEgyptians believed kings had eternal spirits & Built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs (resting places from which their rulers could reign forever after death)

Shang China1600 BC – 1027 BC

Yellow / Huang He River Valley & Yangtze

Mandate of Heaven- power to rule came from heaven

Dynastic cycle linked to the mandate

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE

Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies”2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation.Examples: Iron weapons and chariotsWhat would the effect be on “settled societies”?

Architecture and Urban Planning

Specialization, conquest, and trade promote large building

projects.

Ziggurats

Prevalent in Mesopotamia.Usually the most prominent building in the city.Made of mud bricks.Dedicated to the chief god or goddess of the city.Priests/Priestesses controlled these structures.

Pyramids & Monuments Egypt

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Planned Cities: Indus

Mohenjo Daro

Arts and Artisanship

Promoted by the Elites (Political and Religious)

Sumerian Religious Sculpture

C. 2400 BCEMade of marble.Roughly 30 inches tall.This is an example of a “worshipper”. Humans and gods were thought to be physically present in their statues.

Egyptian Wall Paintings

Nebamun Hunting Scene.C.1400 BCELocated in his tomb.Egyptian noble.

Systems of Record Keeping

Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”.Examples: - cuneiform – Mesopotamia - hieroglyphs – Egypt - alphabets – Phoenicia

Cuneiform

C. 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia.A reed stylus was used to make “wedge-shaped” impressions on clay tablets which were then baked or dried.PicturesSymbols Phonetic system

Legal Codes

States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes.Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.

The Code of Hammurabi

Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book.What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?

New Religious BeliefsThe Vedic religion – Indus River ValleyHebrew monotheism – PalestineZoroastrianism – Persia

New religious beliefs develop later in the period that in most cases offer a contrast to the “polytheistic” beliefs of early religions.

The Vedic Religions

Religion of Aryans, an Indo-European group (pastoralists), that migrated into the Indus River Valley c.1500 BCE.Name comes from the collection of sacred texts called the Vedas.Precursor to Hinduism.

Religion in Mesopotamian Hearth

At first polytheistic, gods had human characteristics Toward the end of the period, Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion similar to Judaism emerged and will be most noted in the next period with the Persian

Hebrew Monotheism

Abraham considered the “Father” of Hebrew monotheism also known as Judaism. c. 2000 BCEWorship of “one god” is relatively new.Moses and the 10 Commandments.Christianity and Islam have connections to Judaism.

Zoroastrianism

Founder was Zoroaster who was born in Persia c. 660 BCE.Monotheistic: Ahuramazda is the only god.Dualism – * Ahuramazda=Good * Ahriman=Bad***Man has “free will” to follow who he chooses.

TRADE: Regional and Transregional

Trade begins locallyregionaltransregional.Goods, culture, and technology are all exchanged.Diffusion- the spread of ideas and goods.

Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

Harappan seals have been found in Mesopotamia which leads us to believe that the 2 regions trade goods.The Indus Valley had cotton which probably was what sparked trade between the 2 regions.

Egypt and Nubia

What did they have to offer?Egypt: stone dishes, painted boxes, wooden furniture, and paper.Nubia: ivory, incense and spices

Social and Gender Hierarchies

Egypt

Varna (Social Hierarchy)

Caste System

Shudras

Vaishyas

Kshatriyas

Pariahs [Harijan] UntouchablesPariahs [Harijan] Untouchables

Brahmins

Aryans brought Vedic religious beliefs, the foundation of Hinduism

Epic of Gilgamesh

Epic of Gilgamesh

World’s first piece of

literature

World’s first piece of

literature

Literature as a reflection of society.

Indus River Valley2500 BC – 1500 BC

Harappan culture (Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa)Well planned cities

Grid patternModern plumbing Built on mud brick platforms

Protected against seasonal floodsLarger cities

Houses built of baked brickSmaller towns

Houses built of sun-dried mud brick

Identify the important changes during this time period.

How were early civilizations similar? Different?

Identify important continuities.

REVIEW

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions

(Religious and Cultural Systems Transform)

Key Concept 2.1

(The Roman Coliseum or Colosseum today)

Religious and political authority often merged so that political rulers could keep power.  Religion and belief systems could also generate conflicts.

•Monotheism and Judaism •Further developed with

codification of Hebrew Scriptures

•Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman empires conquest Jewish States

More about: Assyria, Babylon, and Rome

Vedic Religions (Hinduism)

•Sanskrit scriptures (epics)•Caste System•Brahma (Hindu god of

creation)•Reincarnation

  ^ Buddhism spread during the Mauryan Empire

  ^ Confucianism was expanded, all Chinese including rulers recognized it

<- Daoism=balance, influenced the development of Chinese culture (see next slide for examples)

Daoism and the Development of Chinese Culture•Medical theories and practices•Poetry•Metallurgy •Architecture

Dao temple

Moxibustion and acupuncture

Spread of Christianity, beliefs based on teachings of Jesus Christ

Core ideas of Greco-Roman philosophy and science began to change their emphasis

Plato

Aristotle

Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism emphasized filial piety (respect for parents and ancestors and bring honor to the parents by respecting others, including women)

Shamanism and Animism

•Shamanism: a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the "spiritual world".

•Animism: the belief that every living thing/object has a soul, such as plants and various other inanimate natural objects

Regions Where Ancestor Veneration Persisted•Africa•The Mediterranean•East Asia•The Andean Areas

Ancestor veneration is the belief that those who die still live in other ways and are able to influence the lives of those still alive and of later generations

Literature and Drama•Greek Plays •(Pictures of Greek theaters today) •Tragedies or comedies•Indian Epics: Mahabharata, Ramayana, Upanishads,

Rig-Veda...

Architecture

Mesoamerica (Chichen Itza)

India

Greece

Aqueduct of Segovia (Roman Empire)

"Greco-Buddhism"

•Synthesis of Hellenistic/Greek cultures and Buddhism

•Resulted in development of unique sculptural developments

The Development of States and Empires

Expanding Boundaries, Policies, Procedures, and Politics

Key Concept 2.2

Political Unity Imposed

•Southwest Asia: Persian Empire•East Asia: Qin and Han Dynasty•South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires ("Ibn Batutta did not

see the Gupta!")•Mediterranean Region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek

city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic (definition) and Roman Empires

•Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Mayan city-states•Andean South America: Moche

Persian Empires

•Achaemenid•Parthian•Sassanid

BBC Video:Part 1Part 2Part 3Part 4

Regions with Administrative Institutions

•China•Persia•Rome•South Asia

•Centralized governments•Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies

Imperial Governments Project Military Power•Diplomacy•Developing Supply Lines•Building fortifications, roads, and defensive walls•Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from

locals or conquered peoples

Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of tradeand economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuingcurrencies.

Cities involved...

•Centers of trade•Public performances of religious rituals•Political administration for states and empires

Cities (continued)

•Persepolis•Chang'an•Pataliputra•Athens •Carthage•Rome•Alexandria•Constantinople•Teotihuacan

Istanbul ;)

HierarchiesThe social structures of empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.

Methods to Maintain Food Production and Rewards for Loyalty•Slavery•Rents and tributes•Peasant communities•Family and household production

Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.

Decline :(

The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states.

What are some possible factors of decline for an empire?

Environmental Damage

•Deforestation•Desertification•Soil erosion•Silted rivers

Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites

External Problems

External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions.

•Between Han China and the Xiongnu

•Between the Gupta and the White Huns

•Between the Romans and their northern and eastern neighbors.

Increase of Trade

Multiple Routes, Multiple "Products"

Key Concept 2.3

By Land and Sea

•Eurasian Silk Roads•Trans-Saharan caravan routes•Indian Ocean sea lanes•Mediterranean sea lanes

New Technologies

•Facilitated long-distance communication andexchange.

•Permitted the use of domesticated pack animals totransport goods across longer routes.

•Yokes, Saddles, and Stirrups•Horses, oxen, llamas, camels

Innovations in Maritime Technologies

•Lateen Sail•Dhow Ships

Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed across far-flung networks of communication and exchange.

Changes in Irrigation and Farming Techniques•The qanat system

Spread of Disease Pathogens

•Diminished urban populations•Contributed to the decline of:oThe Roman EmpireoThe Chinese Empire

Religions and Cultures Spread and Transform•Christianity•Hinduism•Buddhism

Review Activity1. Compare methods used for imperial administration for

Rome, Han, Gupta, Persia2. Compare/Contrast the fall of 2 of the following: Han,

Rome, Gupta/Mauryan3. Compare and contrast the rise, development and spread of

Buddhism and early Christianity.4. Compare the Hindu caste system with other systems of

inequality in the ancient worlds of Rome, Greece, or China.5. Compare/Contrast the effect of Confucianism versus

Christianity on poltical developments in China and Rome.

6. Discuss the political, economic, social, cultural changes and/or continuities in one of the following regions: Mediterranean, East Asia, South Asia