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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY – ANATOMICAL TERMS / PLANES / & MOVEMENTS

LECTUREBYDR. ANSARI, CHAIR- PERSON23/09/07 8.30-9.30 am.

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DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

It is the study of the structure of the human body. It is the science that deals with the structure and function of the human body.

It is learnt by cutting/dissecting the parts of the body. ana = apart/ to cut up…Greek: the latin ‘to cut up’ give us dissect.

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ANATOMICAL POSITION

It is an anatomical reference position.Body is erect standing position,Feet slightly separated,Arms hanging relaxed at the sides,Palms of hands facing forward.

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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY

These are the imaginary planes that divides the body in to different parts.

These planes are either vertically running/cutting the body or horizontally.

These planes are FRONTAL/CORONAL,MEDIAN/ MID SAGITTAL,/HORIZONTAL & PARASAGITTAL.

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FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE

It separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

It separates the body into right and left parts.

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PARA-SAGITTAL PLANE

It is a plane running/cutting the body parallel to the median plane.

Examples of para-sagittal planes are mid-clavicular planes.

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HORIZONTAL SECTION

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

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TERMS OF RELATION OR POSITION

SUPERIOR=Closer to the head.INFERIOR=Closer to the feet.POSTERIOR/DORSAL= Closer to the

posterior surface of the body.ANTERIOR/VENTRAL=Closer to the

anterior surface of the body.

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MEDIAL= Lying closer to the midline.LATERAL=Lying further away from the

midlinePROXIMAL= Closer to the origin of a

structure.DISTAL=Further away from the origin of

a structure.

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SUPERFICIAL=On the surface of the body.

DEEP=Inside the body/away from the body surface.

CONTRALATERAL=On the other side.IPSILATERAL=On the same side.

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EXTERNAL=Being outside.INTERNAL=Being inside.SUPINE=Face/palm up when lying on

back.PRONE=Face/palm down when lying on

the anterior surface of body.CEPHALIC=Towards the head.CAUDAL=Towards the tail/feet.

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PRONE POSITION

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SUPINE POSITION

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TERMS OF MOVEMENTS

ABDUCTION=It is a movement of any part away from the midline in the coronal plane.

ADDUCTION=It is a movement of any part returning to the midline in the coronal plane.

FLEXION= Moving any thing in the sagittal plane.

EXTENSION =Straightening it again.

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ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION

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LATERAL FLEXION= Is bending in the coronal plane.

ROTATION=It occurs around a vertical axis,or the main axis of the limb.

PRONATION=It is a movement at radioulnar joints,after pronation thumb lies medially.

SUPINATION=It also occurs at RU/joints,thumb lies laterally in anatomical position.

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OPPOSITION=This movement takes place between thumb and medial four fingers,thumb touches all the tips of medial four fingers.

CIRCUMDUCTION=It is a combination of flexion/extension,abduction/adduction and rotation.

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OPPOSITION MOVEMENT

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PROTRACTION=Moving forward along a surface.

RETRACTION=Moving backward along a surface.

ELEVATION=Raising a structure.DEPRESSION=Lowering a structure.

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SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS

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RETRACTION OF SCAPULA

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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

EMBRYOLOGY=Examines development of adult structure from fertilised ovum.

CYTOLOGY=Deals with the structure of individual cells.

HISTOLOGY=Deals with the microscopic study of tissues of the body.

NEUROANATOMY=Deals with the study of nervous system.

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BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

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NEUROANATOMY

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GROSS ANATOMY = Deals with those structures that can be seen without a microscope.

SURFACE ANATOMY= The internal organs /structures are projected on the body surface areas.

APPLIED/CLINICAL ANATOMY=The knowledge of anatomy is used to understand the clinical cases/conditions.

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GROSS ANATOMY

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SURFACE ANATOMY

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THANK YOU