Materials and Method of Construction

(Introduction)

Munawar HussainCivil Engineering DepartmentMNS-University of Engineering and Technology Multan

Engineering Materials

•There are thousands of materials available to the engineer !

•Basic construction materials: concrete, steel, clay products & Wood etc.

Course Objectives

·   To develop a basic understanding of key material properties, requirements, and related behavior characteristics of typical construction materials.

• Types• Production methods• Uses in construction• Properties of the following materials of

construction:

Course Content

• Building Stones• Metals• Clay Products• Lime

• Cements• Aggregates• Concrete• Glass• Paints and

Varnishes

These materials are used in all civil engineering structures such as;

- buildings- bridges- highways- railways- tunnels- dams- towers etc.

Course Content

Books1. Fundamentals of Building Construction

Materials and Methods by Edward Allen and Joseph Iano 5th Edition

2. Building Materials by S.K Dughal 3rd Edition

3. Building Construction (Principals, Materials and System) by Madan Mehta 2nd Edtion

CLASSIFICATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1. According to their phases

2. According to their internal structure & chemical composition

Phase Classification

1. Gases : Air, oxygen, CO2

2. Liquids : Water, chemical admixtures

3. Semi-solids : Fresh pastes, mortars, asphalt

4. Solids : Metals, hardened concrete

Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

1. Metals : (formed by metallic bonds)

A. Ferrous (iron, cast iron, steel)B. Non-ferrous (aluminum, copper, zinc, lead)

2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O, N which are formed by covalent bonding.)

A. Natural (rubber, asphalt, resins, wood)B. Artificial (plastics)

Natural Rubber

Natural Resins

Natural Asphalt

Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

3. Ceramics :A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)B. Porcelains((chini mati k) is a ceramic

material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin(china clay), in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C)

4. Composite Materials :(Portland cement, concrete)

برتن کے مٹی چینی

Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

5. Reinforced Composite Materials : (reinforced concrete, reinforced plastics)

One of the most important tasks of an engineer is to select the most suitable material for a given civil engineering structure.

Factors Determining the Choice of Proper Material for a Structure

Economy. Choose the cheaper & available materials considering– Initial cost– Useful life– Frequency of maintenance– Cost of maintenance– Salvage value etc.

  Concrete Asphalt

Initial Cost – (More) + (Less)

Useful Life +(Long life) –(short)

Frequency of Repair +(Less) –(More)

Cost of Repair –(More) +(Less)

Salvage Value +(Less) +(Less)

Example: Comparison of Concrete Pavement vs. Asphalt Pavement for economy.

General Properties of Civil Engineering Materials

• Physical **• Mechanical **• Chemical• Other

– Thermal, Acoustical, Optical, Electrical

** Most CE Applications focus on physical & mechanical properties

Physical Properties• Properties of physical structure

1. Density (mass/volume)

2. Specific gravity(ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water - at a specified temperature(4oC)).

3. Porosity (Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, as a percentage between 0 and 100%.)

PERMEABILTYProperty of a material that lets fluids (such as water or water vapor) to diffuse through it to another medium without being chemically or physically affected.

Physical Properties

Mechanical Properties• Resistance to applied loads (stress) initially & over

time1.StiffnessStiffness is the rigidity of an object — the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force2.StrengthThe capacity of an object to withstand maximum force.

– Fracture (brittle)– Yielding (ductile)

1. Tension2. Compression

3. Flexure 4. Torsion

Mechanical Properties

Determining the Properties of Civil Engineering Materials

Properties of materials are determined by • Laboratory testing • Field testing

To avoid inconsistencies in test results STANDARDS are devised which describe the test apparatus and the procedure.

Items that are usually standardized in a test are:

• Obtaining test specimens and number of specimens• Size and shape of the specimen• Preparation of specimens for testing• Temperature & moisture during preparation & testing• Type of machinery• Rate of loading• Interpretation of test results• Writing a report

Standardization Institutes

Turkey - Turkish Standards Institute (TSE)England - British Standards Institute (BSI)Germany - Deutsche Institute Norm (DIN)U.S. - American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM)Europe - European Committee for

Standardization (CEN)

U.S. - American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

U.S. - American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALSAlthough there are several different

materials which have adhesive properties, three types are of particular interest to civil engineers.

• Glues : materials of gelatinous nature derived from vegetable or animal sources.

• Bituminous Materials : complex hydrocarbon• Various Compounds of Calcium : gypsum,

lime, cements

CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALSCementitious materials are substances

which, upon certain chemical reactions attain binding propertiesNon-hydraulic cements (gypsum and lime)Hydraulic cements (portland cement)

Hydraulicity is that property of gaining binding value when mixed with water.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Wood

Wooden bridge, Queen’s College, Cambridge, UK.Built originally in 1749 (oak), repaired in 1866 & rebuilt in 1905 (teak).

Covered wooden bridge, SwitzerlandBuilt originally in the 1300s, burned down in 1993, was rebuilt.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Masonry

Stone arch bridge, Mérida, Spain.1st century

Brick masonry bridge, Kuldiga, Latvia.Originally completed in 1874, destroyed in 1915, rebuilt in 1926.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel

Luis I bridge, Porto, Portugal.Completed in 1886.

Howrah bridge, Kolkata.Completed in 1943, replaced a floating bridge of 1874.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Steel

Golden Gate bridge, San Francisco, USA.Completed in 1937.

Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney, Australia.Completed in 1932.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete

Jadukata bridge, Meghalaya.Completed in 1997.

Confederation bridge, Canada.Completed in 1997.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Concrete

Great Belt Link bridge, Denmark/Sweden.Completed in 1998.

Millau viaduct, France.Completed in 2004.

Options in ConstructionBridges: Composites

Kings Stormwater Channel bridge, California, USA.Completed in 2001.

Glass fibre reinforced polymer deck

Carbon shells to be filled with lightweight concrete and used as girder

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood

Norway

Tamilnadu.17th century.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Brick Masonry

USA20th century.

University of Madras, Senate House, ChennaiCompleted 1869.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Stone Masonry

Qutab Minar, Delhi.Completed in 1230.

Cologne Cathedral, Cologne, Germany1248-1880, damaged during WW II, repaired.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Wood and Masonry

Bourges, France.15th century.

Liuheta pagoda, Hangzhou, ChinaPresent form dates to 1152.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Concrete

Marina City, Chicago, USA.1959

Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaCompleted in 1998.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Steel Framed

Sears Tower, Chicago, USA.1973

Taipei 101, Taipei, TaiwanCompleted in 2004.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Glass and Steel

GLA Building, London, UK.2002

Apple Computer Store, Soho, New York, USA.Completed in 2002.

Options in ConstructionBuildings: Titanium-clad Steel and LimestoneGuggenhiem Museum, Bilbao, Spain.1997

Factors Influencing the Choice of Material

• Type of application • Cost-effectiveness• Availability (geographical location)• Climate• Performance requirements• Aesthetics• Environmental concerns

THANK YOU