Post on 18-Dec-2015
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AP REVIEW1450 – 1750
Based on Kaplan Review Text, 2011
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1450 – 1750Key Concepts
• Americas included in global trade network– Native Americans die in millions
• Result of exposure to Eurasian diseases
– Atlantic slave trade begins– New social structures emerge based on race
• Technological advancements for Europeans– Shipping & gunpowder weaponry– Result: Spanish & Portuguese empires emerge
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1450 to 1750Key Concepts - 2
• Renaissance & Reformation challenge– power of the Church – previously held beliefs
• China– Conservatives force retrenchment
• Indian Ocean voyages end, 1433
• Ottomans & Mughals – Powerful land based empires in Asia
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1.Global Economy Develops
• Europeans trade in Indian Ocean
• Columbian Exchange – Global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals,
people, diseases
• American silver – Responsible for stimulating global trade network
• Spain – supplier• China’s demand was driving force
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Impact of 2 commodities
• Sugar– Heavy labor & specialized skills– Driving force behind Atlantic slave trade
• Specialized skills/ heavy labor/ high death toll
• American silver – Responsible for stimulating global trade
network• Spain – supplier• China’s demand was driving force
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2. Ottomanssemi-nomadic Turks
• Overthrew Byzantine empire– Power based on military might & gunpowder– Major threat to European powers ‘til mid 17th century
• Based in Anatolia (Istanbul was their capital)
• Elaborate bureaucracy– Elite women of the palace wielded considerable
power– Vizier (~Prime Minister) often held more power than the
sultan
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Ottoman Decline
• Succession issues– Sultans were sheltered & unprepared for rule
• Technology failed to keep pace with Europeans
• Global trade shifted to Atlantic Basin
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3. Mughalsof Turkic nomad descent 1523 – 1700s
• Accomplishments – Centralized rule in India– Arts & architecture blended Persian, Hindu, Islamic
traditions– VIPs: Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
• Decline– Aurangzeb’s wars drained treasury & led to revolts– Sack of Delhi by Persians– Result: European power increased
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4. AFRICASonghay (1464 – 1591) Kongo (1300s – 1600s)
• Centralized kingdom controlled Sahara trade
• Powerful army & navy patrolled Niger R
• Blended traditional beliefs & Islam
• Morocco overthrew
• Centralized state with close relationship to Portugal after 1482– King converted to
Christianity– Supported by Portuguese
arms
• Govt lost authority after involvement with slave trade– Portugal claimed authority
after 1665
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5. Spanish/Portuguese Empires
• Treaty of Tordesillas,1494 – Portugal – E hemisphere } with some – Spain – W hemisphere } exceptions….
• Economic/Social– Encomienda – settlers had feudal rights over natives
for labor– Repartimiento – compelled natives to supply labor for
ltd time periods– Missionaries – spread Christianity & missions served
as outposts of the empires– Castas
• Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indios, Slaves
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6. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty China 1644 - 1911
• Foreign rulers – aided a peasant army & overthrew the Mings– Adopted Chinese culture & government styles– Forbade intermarriage b/t Manchu Chinese
• (no foot binding for Manchu women)
• Forced Chinese in to a submissive role
• Continued Ming isolationist policies
• Exchanged their goods for cash only
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7. Tokugawa Japan (1600 – 1867)
• Tightly controlled by shogun– remained feudal– Samurai became administrators
• Little contact with outside world– Trade with Dutch & Chinese only– Outlawed Christianity
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8. Forced Labor Systems -1Atlantic Slave Trade
• 15 million Africans transported
• African coastal states reoriented their economies – to supply European demand for slaves
• Traded for guns which increased conflict in Africa
• Plantation societies – Located in tropical areas
• Unique cultural synthesis of African, native American, European
– focused on cash crops• Sugar tobacco cotton coffee
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Forced Labor Systems – 2
Russian Serfdom
• Serfdom expanded after Mongol rule ended
• Reasons – peasant debt/ control/ satisfy needs of landowning
nobles
• Status was hereditary & inescapable per law
• Serfs owed extensive labor service & paid high taxes
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9. Russian EmpireRomanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)
• Strong central government
• Absolute monarch was also head of Orthodox Church & had “divine right”
• Westernization policies … of Peter the Great r. (1682 – 1725)
– Industries - St. Petersburg– Navy - clothing laws– Military reform
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10. Cultural & Intellectual Change - 1Renaissance 1400s – 1500s
• Contact b/t Arabs & Italian merchants led to an intellectual movement– Man is a creative & rational being– Individuals are to be celebrated– Major accomplishments
• music, art, literature, painting, architecture
• Stimulated by vast wealth of Italians– Merchant dynasties, city-states & the papacy
• Medici, Sforza, d’Este, Venice, Milan, Genoa
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 2Reformation 1500s – 1600s
• Outgrowth of Renaissance atmosphere promoting criticism & debate– Began in GERMANY
• Main issues of reformers (Martin Luther)– Divisions within the papacy (Babylonian captivity)– Traditions & rituals not derived from scripture– Corruption– Church finances & income– Lack of piety among priesthood
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Cultural & Intellectual Change Reformation - 2
• Luther’s views led to split in western Catholicism– Wars devastated Germany 1520s – 1640s– Power of Church declined
• Results after Thirty Years’ War, 1648– Europe divided
• mostly Protestant north & mostly Catholic south
– Power struggles throughout Europe b/t people & their monarchs
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 3Enlightenment
• Centered in France – Strongly intellectual movement
• political reformers, questioning of traditional authority (ex: John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire)
• Result: popular revolutions
• Confucian ideas taken to Europe by Jesuits – Chinese civil service exam
• influenced Euro rulers
– Confucian rational morality appealed to philosophers
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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 4Scientific Revolution
• Renaissance led to a desire of many to investigate mysteries of nature…– intense experimentation & discovery followed– World seen as a machine– Deism
• God viewed as a benevolent being who created humanity & moved on
• Galileo, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe – Catholic Inquisition meant it was more of a northern
movement than a southern movement
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11. Environmental Interaction
• Potato & corn in Europe – had huge impact on population increases
• Horses among Native Americans – led to increased nomadism
• Forests were cleared for…– Cash crop cultivation
• led to degradation of topsoil
– Cattle ranching
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Environment Interaction -216th – 18th centuries
• Little Ice Age– Frozen ports/rivers had economic & military
consequences• Armies could cross ice & ships could not sail
– Crops failed as growing seasons grew shorter
• Governments began to manage forests & other national resources (Japan/France)
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12. ESSAY TOPICS
CHANGE & CONTINUITY
• Analyze Change & Continuity in ONE of the regions below in terms of their involvement & roles in trade 600 – 1750
– CHINA– SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA– SOUTH ASIA– MIDDLE EAST
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Essay Topic: COMPARE/ CONTRAST
• As Western power increased between 1450 – 1750, so did Western interaction with other lands. Discuss similarities and differences in the interaction with the West in TWO of these areas
– Tokugawa Japan– Russia– Ottoman Empire– Latin America