1450-1750

State Building

Aim: How were empires successfully built in the period of 1450-1750?

Key Terms: Ottoman EmpireChapter 21

Ottomans:Turkic people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th

century; established an empire in the Middle East, North Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after WWI.

Mehmed II:Ottoman sultan called the “Conqueror”; captured

Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. Janissaries:

Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became am important political influence after the 15th century.

Vizier:Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century

often more powerful than the sultan.Suleymaniye mosque:

Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent.

Ottomans The Osman Turks started

on the Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey.

They started on land granted them by the Seljuk Turks.

They were a pastoral and peaceful people at the start.

As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to expand. The Ottoman dynasty began.

Ottoman In the 14th century, the

Ottomans moved into the Balkans.

They took the title of sultan and began to build a strong military by developing the “janissaries.”

Janissary were an elite military guard recruited from Christians, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to the sultan.

The Ottomans Gain StrengthGunpowder made

the Ottomans powerful

Janissaries (elite fighting force made up of enslaved Christian boys)

Janissaries selected by a process called devshirme

Jannisary

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300350/Janissary-corps

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.html

Learn more about the selection process of the Janissaries!

The Ottoman Empire Expands April 6, 1253, the Ottoman

Turks laid siege to the city of Constantinople.

May 29, 1253, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks and Mehmet II.

The Turks spent 3 days sacking the city. Many people lost their lives inside the city.

The city was later renamed Istanbul.

The Ottoman Empire Expands Selim I took control of

Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia – included Jerusalem, Mecca, and Madinah.

He took the title of caliph, defender of the faith.

The Ottoman Empire went from the Black Sea to the Red Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar.

There was little impact on North Africa.

Pashas, appointed government officials, collected taxes and maintained law and order reported to the sultan in Constantinople.

The Ottoman Empire ExpandsOttomans started out as semi-nomadic

Turks1453 captured Constantinople, ended the

Byzantine Empire (woohoo, lower taxes!)Added Syria, Egypt, North Africa to their

empireOttomans were a threat to the Hapsburg

dynasty (Austria) until 1683

Constantinople renamed Istanbul

Sophisticated city- aqueducts, marketplace, religious schools, hospitals

Merchants and artisansGovernment carefully

monitored tradeHaghia Sophia turned

into a Suleymaniye mosque

Haghia Sophia

Ottoman Suleiman I, or Suleiman the

Magnificent, came to rule in 1520. He expanded Ottoman rule into Europe and the western Med. Sea.

He ruled for 46 years. He was a great military commander, but he known for his legislation as well.

He codified Ottoman law keeping Islamic faith, took into account Christian inhabitants of the Empire, addressed taxes, and built more schools.

Ottoman The chief advisor to the sultan

was the “grand vizier.” He led meetings of the

imperial council that met 4 days a week.

The sultan sat behind a screen and made his wishes known to the grand vizier.

The empire was divided into districts and ruled by officials who were helped by bureaucrats trained at palace schools.

Senior officials were given land but the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies for the empire

Ottoman The Ottomans were Sunni

Muslims. Sultans had claimed the title of caliph since the 16th century. They were responsible for guiding the flock and keeping Islamic law.

In practice, they gave their religious duties to the “ulema”- a group of religious advisors.

The ulema were responsible for the legal system and schools for educating Muslims.

Ottoman The Ottoman were tolerant

of non-Muslims. Non-Muslims paid a tax, but they were allowed to practice their religion or to convert to Islam.

Most people in the European areas of the empire remained Christian. In some areas, the large numbers converted to the Islamic faith.

Religious, but TolerantThe Ottoman Sultan was a political and

religious ruler (incorporated the idea of “caliph”)

Europeans were afraid of the Ottomans, but admired them as well

“He tramples the soil of Hungary with 200,000 horses, he is at the very gates of Austria, threatens the rest of Germany…”

o -1555 Excerpts from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: Ambassador of the Hapsburg Empire

Q: Who do you think Busbecq is describing here?http://www.arts.ualberta.ca

Jean Bodin (16th cen. French Philosopher)

“The King of the Turks who rules over a great part of Europe safeguards the rites of religion as well as any prince in this world. Yet he constrains no one, but on the contrary permits everyone to live as his conscience dictates.”

Q: Which aspect of Ottoman rule does Bodin admire?

Ways of the World p.649

Jews in the Ottoman Empirehttp://

jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu/i-jewish-population/1-sephardic-diaspora-regional-trends/d-ottoman-empire/

Ottoman The subjects were divided by

occupation. Besides the ruling class, there

were 4 main occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral peoples.

Peasants were farmers; artisans were set up by craft guilds; merchants were exempt from taxes and could amass large fortunes; and pastoral people had their own laws and regulations.

Women in the Ottoman Empire Patriarchal society Depending on the

economic situation, women did domestic work or supervised their servants

Women were restricted from leaving the home but could legally attend weddings, cemeteries, and public baths

Marriages were arranged Few women were literate Women could earn a

living, own industries, and practice medicine

http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/selj.htm

https://www.reconstructinghistory.com/rh406-ottoman-turkish-woman.php?s=&c=22&d=34&p=433&w=21

Ottoman Since the times of Mehmet II,

Ottoman sultans ruled from the Topkaki Palace in Istanbul.

It served as an administrative headquarters and chief residence of the sultan.

The private domain of the sultan was called a “harem,” or “sacred place.” Here the sultan and his wives lived. Sultans often chose 4 wives as his favorites.

When a son became sultan, his mother became queen mother and acted as a major adviser to the throne.

The HaremPrivate domain for the sultanConcubines and relatives of sultan lived

thereWomen close to the sultan were powerfulSlave origin, non-MuslimTrained in sewing, music, reading, Koran

http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html

Read about a powerful woman in the Ottoman harem!

Ottoman Suleiman I may have been

able to run an empire, but his personal life was different.

He married a harem girl from Poland named Roxelana and had 5 children with her.

He executed his eldest son, Mustafa, because Roxelana said he was planning to kill Suleiman and take power – her son Selim took power when Suleiman died in 1566.

Ottoman The Ottoman Empire was like

most Muslim empires of the time; it was a" gunpowder empire” – the empires success largely based on the mastery of the technology of firearms.”

Sultans were the head of the empire. Sultans were the supreme authorities in both political and military senses.

The position of sultan was hereditary – a son always succeeded the father.

Many deaths among family members took place because of this.

Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th Century

What were the causes of Ottoman decline in the 17th century?

Ottoman The problems of the Ottoman

Empire began with Selim II. Around 1699, the problems

became more visible. The training of officials declined, and senior positions were given to the sons and daughters of the elite. Members of the elite were busy trying to amass their own fortunes, so local government grew more corrupt and taxes rose. Wars depleted the imperial treasury.

Ottoman Other problems arose. The biggest problem was the

influence of Western Europe. Western clothes, Western

furniture, tobacco and coffee were introduced to the Ottomans.

Some sultans tried to fight the trends of Western Europe. One outlawed tobacco and coffee. If he caught anyone taking part in immoral or illegal behavior, he had them immediately executed.

Key Terms: Muhgal Dynasty Muhgal Dynasty:

Established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the middle of the 19th century.

Babur:Turkic leader who founded Mughal dynasty; died in 1530.

Humayan:Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540,

but returned to restore the dynasty n 1556. Akbar:

Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty, followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority.

Din-i-Ilahi:Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of

Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death.

Key Terms: Mughal DynastySati

Ritual burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husband’s funeral pyres.

Taj Mahal:Mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah

Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Muhgal India. Nur Jahan:

Wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign

Aurangzeb:Son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal

control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire’s resources; died in 1707.

The Mughal Empire

http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/image18.gif

The Mughals (1526-1700s) Babur was the founder of the

Mogul Empire and united the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India.

He was a descendant of Timur Lenk, and his mother, from the Mongol conquerors of Genghis Khan.

He took the Khyber Pass in northwest India and the city of Delhi in North India.

His armies were usually smaller than his opponents but had weapons, artillery, and used them with great effect.

Akbar the Great Akbar the Great was the

grandson of Babur’ He placed most of India under

Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation.

He was best known for his humane character of his rule: he adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess.

Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of collected taxes. They were part of his toleration of government administration.

Akbar the GreatAkbar abolished the

jizya Encouraged

intermarriage between Hindus and Muslims

Established Din-i-llahi (“The religion of God”)as a universal religion- had elements of Zoroastrianism (i.e. divine kingship), and Jainism (respect for all living things)

Akbar the Great

http://images.exoticindiaart.com/mughal/a_portrait_of_king_akbar_the_falconer_mf93.jpg

The Red Fort

Built in Agra in1565 by Akbar the Great

It is one of the most obvious symbols of the Mogul grandeur under Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

Allposters.com

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251

Shah Jahan- patron of the arts

Blend of Islamic domes, arches, minarets, with Hindu This is the finest piece of Mogul architecture. It combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles.

Built Taj Mahal (tomb for his deceased second wife, Mumtaz Mahal)

Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb, imprisoned him in Agra Fort for 8 years(where he died)

Aurangzeb tried to rid India of Hindu influences and he brought back the jizya http://www.memo.fr/Media/Taj_Mahal.jpg

Other Mughal Rulers: Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb

http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html

Aurangzeb Aurangzeb took over from his

father, Shah Jahan. He had his brother put to death.

He was a devout Muslim and a man of high principle.

He tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee (a Hindu practice of cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre), levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking.

He did not embrace religious tolerance – tried to get Hindu to convert to Islam – and this led to social unrest that made India open to attack from abroad.

Mughal Expansion The Mughal Empire spread

from the Hindu Kush mountains east to the Bay of Bengal; from modern-day Afghanistan south to near the southern tip of India.

The Mughals under Babur and Akbar were characterized by religious tolerance, toleration of political administration, and military superiority (use of artillery).

Mughal Decline The British helped the decline of

the Mughal Empire in India. Sir Robert Clive became the

chief representative of the British East India Company.

He was instrumental in getting the British East India control of Indian trade by taking Bengal. The B.E.I.C. could now tax the lands surrounding the city of Calcutta.

The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British.

The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the British. The British were in India to stay.

Women in the Mughal Empire had a complex life.

Women had played a role in Mughal tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land and do business.

They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families.

A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mughal rule

Women in the Mughal Empire

The Mughals brought together Persian and Indian influences in art and architecture.

The Taj Mahal is the greatest example of Mogul architecture.

Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs.

The “Akbar style” included humans in action.

He encouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, including perspective and lifelike portraits.

He commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists.

Achievements of Mughal Empire

Key Terms: Safavid Dynasty Safavid Dynasty:

Founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi’a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722.

Safi al-Din: Sufi mystic first ruler of the Safavid dynasty.

Isma’il: Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah.

Chaldiran: Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated

the importance of firearms and checked the Western advance of their Shi’a state. Abbas I (the Great):

Safavid’s shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology.

Imams: Shi’a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali’s successors.

Mullahs: Religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi’ism.

Isfahan: Safavids capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.

Safavid Dynasty The Safavid Dynasty

started with Shah Ismail. He was a descendant of

Safi al-Din who had been the leader of a Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea.

Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of Iran and Iraq

Safavid: Religious Differences Ismail called himself “shah,”

or king, of the new Persian state.

Ismail was a Shiite Muslim. He sent preachers to different areas to convert members of the Ottoman Empire.

This led to the massacre of Sunni Muslims when he took Baghdad.

Ismail lost a major battle at Tabriz to Suleiman over religious differences.

Safavid: Expansion Shah Abbas, who ruled from

1588 to 1629, brought the Safavids to their highest point of glory.

He usurped the throne from his father and imprisoned him. He later killed the man who helped him get the throne.

He attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help – they saw the Safavids as allies – to regain lost lands from the Ottomans.

The Safavids could not keep territorial gains, but a treaty was signed in 1612 returning Azerbaijan to the Safavids.

Safavid: Women The Safavid Empire went

from Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea east to India; along the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the southern border of Russia.

When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy, a pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs, increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.

Safavid: Decline Isfahan was the Safavid capital. While under Shah Hussein, it

was taken by Afghan peoples. Persia sank into a period of

anarchy – lawlessness and disorder.

The role of the shah was that of a king.

The social structure was Shah, bureaucracy and landed classes, then the common people.

The official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at first.

Safavid: Cultural Achievements Isfahan was the jewel of the

Safavid Empire, and it is still that for modern-day Iran.

Silk weaving flourished, but carpet weaving flourished more – Persian rugs are still prized today.

Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous artist of this time. He made beautiful works about simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers. They used soft colors and flowing movement in painting.

jbapwoh.wikispaces.com

The Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam

Sunni Shia/ShiiteNO

tribe of the Prophet (Quraysh); later, any

qualified ruler

Imams

Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem

90%

YES

family of the Prophet

Mujtahids

Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Najaf,

Karbala

10%

Did Mohammad Designate a successor?

Qualification for Ruler of Islam

Current leaders

Holy Cities

Percentage of total Muslims

Discussion Questions:What were the similarities and differences

among the three Muslim Empires?Compare and contrast the Islamic groups

(Sunni, Shiite, Shia) of the Muslim Empires. Compare and contrast the social and

economic organization of the Ottomans and Safavids.

What weakness was common to all of the Muslim empires?

Chapter 20: Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic

Slave Trade Factories El Mina Lancadoes Nzinga Mvemba Luanda Royal African Company Indies Piece Triangular Trade Asante Osei Tutu Asantehene Benin Dahomey Luo Uthman Don Fodio

Great TrekShakaMfecaneSwazi and LesothoMiddle PassageObeahCandombleVodunPalmaresSuriname MaroonsWilliam Wilberforce

The Songhay Empire In 1450 Africa was a diverse

continent with a blend of large civilizations, city-states, rural villages, and hunter and gatherer societies. Many people in the north, Sub-Saharan and eastern coastline areas were Muslim, but many native religions remained quite strong.

The largest and most organized empire of Africa from the middle of the 15th century until the late 16th century was Songhay (Songhai) in northwest Africa in areas that had been controlled by the earlier Kingdom of Mali.

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/songhai-empire0.gif

The Songhay Empire (1464-1591)

The empire was organized under Sunni Ali, leader who brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under his control. He developed a centralized government with governors to oversee provinces. He developed an army and navy to protect trade. Trans-Saharan trade brought salt, textiles, and metal in exchange for gold and slaves. Songhay was prosperous, its cities boasted beautiful public buildings, and Islam was strongly supported by the elite. Largest empire in African history But the Songhay did not have guns, and that was their

downfall. In 1591 a Moroccan army opened their muskets on the Songhay forces, and they were defeated.

Kaplan

Wsu.edu

Jenne: Center of Trade“The town of Jenne (Djenne) was founded near Jenne-

jeno between 800 and 1250 A.D. and grew to become an even more significant trans-Saharan trading center than its neighbor. By the fourteenth century, gold, kola, and slaves from the southern savanna, salt and manuscripts from the Sahara, and the staple foods of the Inland Niger Delta were bartered here in an extensive web of trade reaching as far as northern Africa and Europe. By the sixteenth century, Jenne had become one of the foremost market centers on the African continent.” Source: Inland Niger Delta | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Architecture in Timbuktu

Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion?Newsrescue.com

The Kongo Kingdom (1300s-1600s) The 16th century also saw the

destruction of most of the Swahili city-states.

Vasco da Gama had noticed them when he passed through on his way to India, and within a few years the Portuguese had aimed their cannons at all the cities, and either captured them or burned them to the ground.

The fate of the Kingdom of Kongo was an early sign of what contact with Europe was to bring to Africa.

Kongo was on the Atlantic Ocean in central Africa, that developed into a centralized state during the 14th century.

The Portuguese set up a trading relationship with them in the late 15th century and converted the Kongo kings to Christianity.

From the beginning, the Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, advisors, and craftsmen for gold, silver, ivory and especially slaves.

Kongo: King Alfonso IKing Alfonso I

converted to Catholicism and tried to convert all of his subjects

Portuguese brought textiles and weapons

Africans supplied Portuguese with gold, silver, ivory, and slaves (dealt with local leaders)

King felt undermined, and was defeated in a war by the Portuguese in 1665

Learn more about the Christian Influences in the Kongo!

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_acko.htm

Discussion Questions:Discuss how the political, social, and economic

organization of the Americas differed from those in Africa.

Discuss how the West affected the political development of Africa and how slavery was a component in the nature of state formation in sub-Saharan Africa.

What was the demographic effects of the African slave trade on the sub-Saharan region?

Discuss the arguments concerning the profitability of the slave trade.

How did the slave trade affect African state formation?What was the Mfecane and how did it affect southern

Africa?What was the social structure of American slave-based

societies?Why did the slave trade come to an end?

Chapter 19: Early Latin America

Key Terms Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Encomiendas Hispaniola Bartolome de las Casas Hernan Cortes Moctezuma II Mexico City New Spain Francisco Pizarro Francisco Vazques de

Coronado Pedro de Valdivia Mita Columbian Exchange Potosi Huancavelica

Haciendas Casa de la

Contratacion Consulado Galleons Treaty of Tordesillas Recopilacion Council of the Indies Letrados Viceroylaties Audiencia Sor Juana Ines de la

Cruz Pedro Alvares Cabral Captaincies Paulistas

• Minas Gerais• Rio de Janeiro • Sociedad de castas• Peninsulares• Creoles• Amigos del pais• War of Spanish Succession• Charles III• Commercio libre• Jose de Galvez• Marquis of Pombal • Comunero Revolt• Tupac Amaru

Latin America Before Independence

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/latiname.htm

The Spanish Empire1492- voyages of ColumbusPapal lines of demarcation made Spain in

charge of the New WorldConquistadors (i.e.Cortes, Pizarro) expanded

Spanish Empire1535- viceroyalty system started in New

SpainSpread CatholicismExtracted gold and a lot of silverInstituted a system of forced labor, the

encomienda system. Clergy protested.When the encomienda system was abolished in

1542, African slaves were imported

PortugalBrazil- major territory for the

PortugueseDiscovered by accident by Pedro

CabralPortuguese had superior technology

and diseasesExploited natives for laborMass conversions to CatholicismPlantations produced sugarcaneAfrican slaves imported to work on

plantationsBrazil was the last country in the

Americas to outlaw slavery (1888)

Maritime Empires AP A

LERT!

spivey.wikispaces.com

Land Empires AP A

LERT!

https://qed.princeton.edu/index.php/User:Student/Eurasian_Land_Empires_c._1700

Discussion Questions:Discuss why it an be said that the Spanish and

the Portuguese colonies were extensions of the global network of the West and also discuss their intermediary role.

Discuss the difference in social organization between the Americas and Europe, and explain why the differences in social hierarchy contributed to a sense of self-identity in the colonies.

Chapter 22: Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Key TermsAsian sea trading

network Goa OrmuzMalaccaBatavia Treaty of Gijanti (1757)LuzonMindanaoFrancis Xavier Robert Di NobliHongwu Macao and Canton

The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus

ZhengheMatteo Ricci and Adam

SchallChongzhenManchuNobunagaToyotomo HideyoshiTokugawa IeyasuEdo DeshimaSchool of National Learning

Class Discussion Questions:What was the nature of the Asian sea-trading network?What did the Portuguese discover when they arrived at

Calicut and how did they respond?How were the Dutch able to displace the Portuguese and

how did their participation in the Asian trading network differ from that of the Portuguese?

Where did the Europeans establish tribute systems?How successful were European Christian missionary

efforts by the early 1660’s?How did the Ming restore the traditional Chinese forms of

government?Why did the Chinese withdraw from commercial

expansion?What steps led to the restoration o the Japanese

shogunate?

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)A.k.a The Manchus- nomads

from the north of ChinaManchus had the highest

positions in government but kept the civil service exams

Maintained China’s patriarchal society and footbinding

Han Chinese men had to wear a queue braid

Manchus could not perform manual labor

Intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus forbidden

Chinese could not enter the Manchu homeland

Technological innovation slowed

Learn more about the queue!

http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History5603.html

A Chinese man with a traditional Chinese queue hair design getting a pedicure

The Tokugawa Shogunate(A.K.A. the Edo Period)

Excerpts from the Closed Country Edict of 1635

Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.

If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death.

If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation.

All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the priests.

1640- Every member of a Portuguese delegation was executed upon arrival to Japan

Why did the Japanese resort to isolation as a response to European expansion?

Cultural Achievements during the

Tokugawa EraHaiku poetry (17 syllable poem)

Kabuki theater (musical drama)

Woodblock art

Bunraku (plays using puppets- 3 puppeteer operation)

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/gpamental/japan/bunraku.html

Kabuki Theater

Woodblock image of Kabuki Theater

http://www.indiana.edu/~ealc100/JArt1.html

The Japanese Feudal System

Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion in this social pyramid?

Code of Bushido!

The Code of Bushido

The Tale of the 47 Ronin demonstrates the Code of Bushido. The story is about a group of samurai who were left masterless in

1701 by the execution of their master, for assaulting a court official whom he felt had insulted him. After over a year of patient waiting and plotting, they succeeded in avenging him by killing the court official. Although they had committed murder, they had done so for that most noble of reasons (to the Japanese) - in obedience to their duty. As a result, they were allowed an honorable death (seppuku).

The story was turned into a series of Kabuki plays Q: What central lesson do you think the Tale of 47 Ronin is

trying to convey?http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc//prints/47ronin.html

Women during the Tokugawa Period

Wives had to obey their husbands or face a death penalty

Women received less education than men

Women were encouraged to pursue artistic and cultural activities

Sometimes girls were sold into prostitution by their families (they were less valued than boys)

Some gained status as geishas who were especially talented musicians, artists, and conversationalists

http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2102.html

The Western Influence on JapanWestern ideas penetrated Japan via the

Dutch despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.

Except for books on Christianity, a ban on western books was removed in 1720.

In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch literature on astronomy were ordered by the shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.

There were translations of western books on physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, navigation and military tactics.

Discussion Questions:Compare and Contrast the European

intrusion into the African commercial system with their entry into the Asian trade network.

Discuss the European effect on Asian civilization during the period of early modern Western expansion.

Monarchies in France and England

FranceEstates GeneralDivine RightStrong military,

wars for expansionHigh taxes Organized

bureaucracy

EnglandParliamentary

monarchyGlorious Revolution

1689 limited power of monarch

High taxesOrganized

bureaucracy

Louis XIV(r. 1661-1715)

The Sun KingBuilt VersaillesRevocation of

Nantes 1683Mercantilism (under

finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert)

Q: Why was Louis XIV known as the “Sun King?”

The Royal PalaceVersailles, France

It’s not as glamorous as it seems…

Versailles reservations…Yes, I have a room available.Well, we have 226 rooms Altogether. Of course, we do Have 1000 nobles and their4000 servants occupying them…Not all rooms have windows, Sir.We do have some rooms with Windows, but the smell of theOutdoor latrines seep through them…

Decisions, Decisions…

Sir, if you prefer weDo have theCloset-like roomsWithout windows…Would you like toCome in the winter soYou can freeze? Or doYou prefer to stay hereIn the summer so youCan broil?

Perspectives on the Past

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia

Key TermsIvan III (The Great)Third Rome Ivan IV (The

Terrible)BoyarsCossacksTime of TroublesRomanov Dynasty Alexis Romonov

Old BelieversPeter I (the Great)St. PetersburgCatherine the

GreatPartition of Poland Obrok Pugachev rebellion

Class Discussion Questions:How did the Mongol occupation affect

Russian civilization?

Why did Russia become economically dependent on the West?

What is the basis for the culture of the Russian masses?

What characteristics did Eastern Europe share with Russia?

The Rise of the Russian EmpireIvan III (aka Ivan the

Great) stopped paying tribute to the Mongol Empire in 1480

Established a strong central government ruled by a czar who ruled by divine right

After the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 300 years

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivanthegreat.html

What was the nature of expansion under the Ivans?

The Expansion of the Russian Empire

Peter I (Peter the Great) Reign: 1682-1721 Strict autocrat and firm believer in military

power Began the “westernization” movement in

Russia Beard Tax Developed “Secret Police” who prevented

dissent and supervise bureaucracy Gained territory on eastern coast of Baltic

Sea Created first Russian navy Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg Agriculture was the focus of the economy;

serfdom encouraged

What was the extent of Westernization under Peter the Great?

Catherine The Great Reign : 1762- 1796 Westernization policies (art,

architecture, justice)Reduced severe punishments for

crimesAdvanced Russia’s borders to

Black Sea & waged 2 successful wars against Ottoman Empire

Founded Russia’s first college of medicine

Brought ideas of the Enlightenment to Russia

Strictly enforced serfdom

What was the extent of Westernization under Catherine the Great?

Social System of the Russian Empire

CZARS

Assumed throneBy bloodline line

NOBLES

Provincial governors

SERFS

Peasants; labor sources to support economy

What was the nature of Russian serfdom?

Now for the Comparative Essay… 2007 AP World Exam

http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/exam/exam_information/216943.html