CYBER EXCLUSION ASCYBER EXCLUSION ASSOCIAL EXCLUSION:SOCIAL EXCLUSION:South-East EuropeanSouth-East EuropeanExperienceExperience

Zoran KostovZoran KostovSt. Cyril and Methodius UniversitySt. Cyril and Methodius UniversitySkopje, Republic of MacedoniaSkopje, Republic of Macedonia

Methodological challengesMethodological challenges

Non-standardised definitions for theNon-standardised definitions for thekey indicatorskey indicators

Limited, outdated, non-standardisedLimited, outdated, non-standardiseddatadata

Various types of sourcesVarious types of sources(private/commercial, governmental,(private/commercial, governmental,international/inter-governmental,international/inter-governmental,NGOs etc.)NGOs etc.)

The information inequalityThe information inequality

Information gapInformation gap Knowledge gapKnowledge gap Digital divideDigital divide Cyber exclusionCyber exclusion

Systematic colonization of socialSystematic colonization of socialknowledge by the rich nationsknowledge by the rich nations

Cyber exclusionCyber exclusion

Cyber space as social spaceCyber space as social space

Cyber exclusion as social exclusion:Cyber exclusion as social exclusion:digital divide beyond the technicaldigital divide beyond the technicalinterpretationsinterpretations

The lack of access to ICT reproducesThe lack of access to ICT reproducesother kinds of inequalities in theother kinds of inequalities in thesociety at largesociety at large

SEE-WB cyber exclusionSEE-WB cyber exclusionindicatorsindicators

External exclusionExternal exclusion- Internet users- Internet users- Internet hosts- Internet hosts

In-country exclusionIn-country exclusion- Age- Age- Gender- Gender- Residence- Residence

Internet users per 100Internet users per 100inhabitantsinhabitants

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Albania

Bosnia &Herzegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Serbia &Montenegro

Europe

Internet hosts per 10.000Internet hosts per 10.000inhabitantsinhabitants

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Albania

Bosnia &Herzegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Serbia &Montenegro

Europe

Age distribution ofAge distribution ofInternet usersInternet users

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Croatia Macedonia Serbia &

Montenegro

EU25

Over 45

36 - 45

Below 36

Gender distribution ofGender distribution ofInternet usersInternet users

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bosnia &

Herzegovina

Croatia Macedonia Serbia &

Montenegro

EU25

Female

Male

Residence distribution ofResidence distribution ofInternet usersInternet users

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Albania Bosnia &

Herzegovina

Croatia

Rural

Urban

Widening the debateWidening the debate

Income as an anchor determinantIncome as an anchor determinant InfrastructureInfrastructure LiteracyLiteracy

Beyond access: basic human right, notBeyond access: basic human right, nota goal for itselfa goal for itself

Income as an anchorIncome as an anchordeterminant (1)determinant (1)

0 2 4 6

Eur.

S&M

Mac.

Cro.

B&H

Alb.

Internet users peraggregate of100.000 USD of GNIper capita

Internet hosts per 1million USD ofGDP

Income as an anchorIncome as an anchordeterminant (2)determinant (2)

0 1 2 3 4

Eur.

S&M

Mac.

Cro.

B&H

Alb.

Internet users per 1

computer

Infrastructure (1)Infrastructure (1)

0 50 100 150

Eur.

S&M

Mac.

Cro.

B&H

Alb.

Telephonesubscribers aspercentage ofpopulation

Infrastructure (2)Infrastructure (2)

0 10 20 30 40

Eur.

S&M

Mac.

Cro.

B&H

Alb.

Internet users aspersentage oftelephonesubscribers

LiteracyLiteracy

Computer (technological)Computer (technological) InformationInformation Contextual (adaptive)Contextual (adaptive) Media creativityMedia creativity Social competenceSocial competence

English languageEnglish language

Digital divideDigital divide’’s new frontiers new frontier

Beyond accessBeyond access- Processing speed- Processing speed- Quality of connection- Quality of connection- Supporting services- Supporting services

Usage gapUsage gap- Usage patterns- Usage patterns- Accessible content- Accessible content

Reaching social inclusionReaching social inclusion

Effective use of information resourcesEffective use of information resourcesas a precondition for overcoming theas a precondition for overcoming thecumulative marginalisation fromcumulative marginalisation fromproduction, consumption, socialproduction, consumption, socialnetworking and decision-making.networking and decision-making.