01 - Cryogenics - Nakai

7/23/2019 01 - Cryogenics - Nakai

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NAKAI Hirotaka

Accelerator Laboratory,

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)

Tsukuba, Japan

SRF 2013 Tutorials

20 September, 2013

20130920 SRF 2013 Tutorials - Cryogenics: Nakai, KEK

1. Introduction

Superconducting RF cavities and cryogenics

2. Helium refrigerators

Thermodynamics of helium liquefaction

Liquefiers and refrigerators

3. Superfluid helium and cryogenic systems

Superfluid helium (He II)

Superfluid helium cryogenic system

2 K cryogenic systems at KEK

4. Cryogenic Engineering

Cryomodules

Transfer Lines

5. Summary

Cryogenics - Science and engineering

concerning with low temperature Low temperature - below normal boiling point

temperature of oxygen (~ 90 K) or

nitrogen (~ 77 K)

20130920 SRF 2013 Tutorials - Cryogenics: Nakai, KEK 5

Nb : Tc = 9.3 K

0 20 40 60 80 100

Temperature [K]

NbNbTi

Nb Sn3

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

1.3 GHz, Rres

= 8x10-9

509 MHz, Rres

= 3.3x10-8

S u r f a c e R e s i s t a n c e [ x 1 0 - 7

Temperature [K]

QH = QL +W R

W R !QL

' ( = QL )b

Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”,CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)

Carnot factor : b =

T H = 300 K , T

L= 4.5 K

QL = 1 W W

R ! 65.7 W

1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

Carnot FactorCavity Loss

Cooling Power

A r b i t a r y S

c a l e

Temperature [K]

A A' C B B'

P A PB

Porous Plug

Cited from I. Oshida and T. Fujishiro, “Thermodynamics”, Shokabo Publishing (1970) in Japanese

External work :

First law of thermodynamics :

Adiabatic condition :

Increased internal energy :

Enthalpy (Gibbs’ heat function) :

AV A! P

W = P AV A! P

U + PV = const . = H

Q = U B!U A( ) !W

&&&& h

a T '1( )

0 10 20 30 40 50

P r e s s u r e

[ M P a ]

Temperature [K]

Critical Point

Cited from Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Lehrgangshandbuch Kryotechnik (1977)

T e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]

0 . 1 0 1

P [ M P

H [J/g]

20.9 25.112.6 16.7 29.3

Entropy [J/g·K]

5020.9 25.112.6 16.78.37 29.3

Entropy [J/g·K]

H [J/g]

1 . 0 1

0 . 5 0 7

0 . 2 0 3

0 . 1 0 1

5 . 0 7

3 . 0 4

2 . 0 3

P [ M P

T e m p e r a t u r

e [ K ]

0 20.9 25.112.6 16.78.374.19

Entropy [J/g·K]

33.525.116.73.56

H [J/g]

Cited from S. Tanuma ed., “Cryogenics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan (1974) in Japanese

P1PcP2P3

T e m p e r a

t u r e

Entropy S

Isobars ( P > P > P > P )2 c 13

Isenthalps

( H > H > H > H )1 32 4

IsothermalCompression

IsentropicExpansion

IsenthalpicExpansion

AdiabaticExpansion

Cited from S. Tanuma ed., “Cryogenics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan (1974) in Japanese

T300 K

61.3 GPa

0.13 MPa

4.5 KS

8.2 GPa

3.89 J/g·K 8.07 J/g·K

Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”, CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)

T e m p e r a

t u r e

Entropy

PressureP1

P 2 ( < P1 )

Enthalpy Hisobaric

(heat exchanger)

isentropic

adiabatic

(expansion engine)

isenthalpic(Joule-Thomson vaive)

Compressor

Joule-Thomson

Valve(JT Valve)

HeatExchanger

Liquid

(3)(2)

(1)(2)

T e m p e r a t u r e

Entropy

Isobars

Isentalps

Linde Cycle

JT Valve

Liquid

Compressor

. m (2)(1)

Expander

HX1 HX2

. m - L

(4) (5)

T e m p e r a t u r e

Entropy

(1)(2)

(6)(L)

Claude Cycle

120 kPa

700 kPa

6.5 kW @ 80 K

80 KCharcoal

Filter

15 MPa

Drier 150 Nm3 /h

0.5 MPa

110 kPa

1.7 MPa 400 kPa

135 kPa

100 m3 x 9 = 900 m3

High Pressure Gas Storage

0.5 m3 x 18 x 4 = 36 m3

120 kPa

Gas Bag

4 Superconducting Cavities at D11 Section4 Superconducting Cavities at D10 Section

SuperconductingCavity Under Test

Multi-channel Transfer Line

Helium Gas Recovery Line

CirculationCompressors(Screw Type)

Recovery/PurifierCompressor

Helium GasPurifier

NitorgenCirculation

System

Nitrogen GasCompressor

Impure Helium Gas

CylindersPure Helium GasCylinders

Liquefied NitrogenStorage Vessel

Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel

Evaporator

Helium RefrigeratorCold Box

AdsorberCold Box

Intermediate PressureGas Storage Tanks

SubsidiaryCold Box

80 m 3

12000 L

50000 L

D10 Test Stand

SuperKEKB Accelerator Nikko Experimental Hall(Underground Tunnel)

To Open Air

Refrigerator Cryostat

Liquid Helium Liquid Helium

Helium Gas (Warm)

OPEN CYCLE REFRIGERATOR CLOSED CYCLE REFRIGERATOR

Helium Gas (Cold)

Liquid Helium

Storage Vessel(Dewar)

Liquid

Helium

CryostatLiquefier

Gas Bag

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

HeliumNitrogenn-Hydrogen

E n t h a l p y ( v o l u m e ) [ M J / m 3 ]

Temperature [K]

77.420.4

Latent Heat

Sensible Heat

Cited from Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Lehrgangshandbuch Kryotechnik (1977)

Sensible Heat

Latent Heat

18.8 J/g

4.2J/g·K

Refrigerator

HeatLoad

Compressor

LPHPT0 = 300 K

T1 = 4.5 K

1543J/g

23.1J/g·K

isobar(0.13 MPa)

18.8 J/g

4.2J/g·K

Liquefier

Compressor

LPHPT0 = 300 K

T1 = 4.5 K

Q1HeatLoad

Saturated VaporPressure Curve

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Saturated Vapor Pressure Curve

Melting Curve

Lambda Line

Gas Pumping

Temperature [K]

He II(Liquid)

He I (Liquid)

Critical

Normal Liquid HeliumSuperfluid

Helium

Superfluidity

Flowing through capillaries without any

friction

Super Thermal Conductivity

Apparent thermal conductivity about 100

times of that of high-purity copper

Film Flow Flowing in adsorbed layer of helium atoms

Normal Fluid

ComponentSuperfluid Component

Density rn rs

Viscosity m 0

Entropy

TransportYes No

Driven by Pressure Difference Temperature Difference

Total density is sum of those of each component :

Density ratio depends on temperature

Independent flow fields of each component

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Temperature [K]

rn / r

rs / r

l point

Superfluid component flows toward higher temperature region

Normal fluid component flows in opposite direction ofsuperfluid component flow (thermal counterflow) No netflow

Entropy (heat) is transported only by normal fluid component

Apparent large thermal conduction (internal convection)

Cited from K. Yamada and T. Ohmi,

“Superfluidity”,

Baifukan (1995) in Japanese

T+DT T

SuperfluidHelium

ElectricHeater

Superfluid componet flow

Normal fluid component flow

CottonWool

FinePowder

Radiation

SuperfluidHelium

Electric

Heater

SuperfluidHelium

FinePowder

Cited from Donnelly, R. J., “Experimental Superfluidity”, University of Chicago Press (1967)

Thermometer

VacuumInsulation

Superfluid

Helium

Fine Powder(Porous Plug)

Cited from K. Yamada and T. Ohmi, “Superfluidity”, Baifukan (1995) in Japanese

(A) (B) (C)

Cited from Donnelly, R. J., “Experimental Superfluidity”, University of Chicago Press (1967)

NormalHelium

T ~ 4.4 K

SuperfluidHeliumT ~ 2 K

Joule-ThomsonValve 1

Joule-Thomson Valve 2

Compressor (Vacuum Pump)

Heat Exchanger

Entropy [J/(g·K)]

0 5 10 151

P = 0.1 MPa

P = 1.66 kPa

T = 4.2 K

T = 1.8 K

T = 2.2 K (P = 5.32 kPa)

89 % 62 % (V)(L)

Superconducting RF Test Facility (STF) Concerning with ILC project

Pulse mode operation

Capture cryomodule (2 x 9-cell cavities) +

STF2-CM1 (8 x 9-cell cavities) + STF2-

CM2A (4 x 9-cell cavities)

Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL)

CW mode operation

Injector linac (3 x 2-cell cavities) + Main

linac (2 x 9-cell cavities)

Tunnel Level

Ground Level

Helium Liquefier/ Refrigerator

Cold Box

He IIPot

Gas Return Pipe

Helium GasPumping System

J-TValve

To Gas Bag

He IPot

LiquidHelium

HeatExchanger

Superconducting Cavities

To Open Air

LiquidNitrogen

5K Thermal Shield

80K Thermal Shield

2KRefrigeratorCold Box

Cryomodule

ConnectionBox

EndBox

Ground Level Tunnel Level

Helium Liquefier/Refrigerator Cold Box

2000 LLiquefied HeliumStorage Vessel

Shaft down toTunnel Level

STF2-CM1Cryomodule

CaptureCryomodule

2K Refrigerator Cold Box

2K Refrigerator Cold BoxEnd

Gas Bag

STF2-CM2ACryomodule

Helium Liquefier/

RefrigeratorCold Box

He IIPot

To Gas BagLiquid

Helium

Superconducting Cavities

Cryomodule

To Compressor/ Gas Bag

LiquidNitrogen

To Open Air

He IPot

5K Thermal Shield

80K Thermal Shield

J-TValve

HeatExchanger

2KRefrigeratorCold Box

5K Shield5KCryopanel

Liquid

Nitrogen

Helium Liquefier/

Refrigerator Cold Box

Cold Helium Gas Return

Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel

(3000 L)

LiquidHelium

80K Shield

Liquefied NitrogenStorage Vessel(10000 L)

80K Shield

Injector LinacCryomodule

Main LinacCryomodule

Precooling LinePrecooling Line

CavitiesCavities

J-TValve

To Open Air

Heat Load

Joule-Thomson

expansion

Subcoolingheat exchanger

Heat Load

Joule-Thomson

expansion

f r i g e r a t o r

Liquidhelium

f r i g e r a t o r

Liquidhelium

f r i g e r a t o r

Liquidhelium

Heat Load

Joule-Thomson

expansion

E l e c t r i c a l

h e a t e r

Sub-atmosphericcompressor

~ 3 kPa

Sub-atmosphericcompressor MP

CC: Cold compressor HP: High pressureMP: Medium pressureLP: Low pressure

ColdCompression

WarmCompression

Mixed (Hybrid)Compression

(a) (b) (c)

Cited from Ph. Lebrun and L. Tavian: “The technology of superfluid helium”,

European Graduate Course in Cryogenics Helium Week, WUT & CERN, August-September 2010

Three Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction

Thin-wall pipe

Low thermal conductivity material

Convection

Vacuum insulation

Radiation Multi-layer insulation (MLI)

80 K Thermal Shield

Gas Return Pipe

Vacuum Vessel

Support Post

5 K Thermal Shield

SuperconductingRF Cavity

2K SuperfluidHelium

Supply PipeHigh Power RFInput Coupler

5-8K ThermalRadiation Shield

40-80K Thermal

Radiation Shield

Support Post

Gas ReturnPipe

0 5 10 15

Scale (cm)

Liquid

Nitrogen

LiquidHelium

GasHelium

LiquidNitrogen

Aluminum80K Shield

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester

Glass Fiber ReinforcedPlastic Plate (G-10)

Stainless SteelPipe

InsulationVacuum

0 5 10

Scale (cm)

Liquid Nitrogen

Liquid Helium Gas Helium

Aluminum80K Shield

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester

Glass Fiber ReinforcedPlastic Plate (G-10)

Stainless Steel Pipe

Insulation Vacuum

Refrigerator Side

CryomoduleSide

5K Shield (A5052)

80K Shield (A5052)

2K Line Support (G10 /Polyester)

5K Shield Support (G10)

80K Shield Support (G10)

2 4 0 t 2

1 7 0 t 2

2K LHe Supply

MLI 10 Layers

LN2 14 t0.5

LHe14 t0.5

MLI 10 Layers

MLI 30 Layers

U-Tight Seal H15040

MLI 10 Layers

2K GHe Return76.3 t0.8

17.3 t0.8

14 t0.5

60.5 t0.8

80K Shield Pipe

5K Shield Pipe

2K LHe Supply Pipe

2K GHe Return Pipe

SS316L TP-SC

Asphyxiation (Anoxia)

Lack of oxygen

Cold and heavy nitrogen gas - lower level

Cold but light helium gas - higher level

Frostbite Low temperature liquid and gas on skin

Appropriate equipments for protection

Explosion

Pressure rise of liquefied gas in closed space

such as vessels and pipes

Evaporated oxygen

1. Superconducting RF cavities and cryogenics

Liquid helium (He I) for 509 MHz RF cavities

Superfluid helium (He II) for 1.3 GHz RF

cavities2. Helium refrigerators

Joule-Thomson expansion (isenthalpic

change)

Inversion curve

Difference of liquefiers and refrigerators

3. Superfluid helium and cryogenic systems

Two-fluid model to understand unique

properties of superfluid helium

Helium gas pumping system

J-T valves and heat exchangers

4. Cryogenic Engineering

Cryomodules and transfer lines

Cryogenic hazards

01 - Cryogenics - Nakai

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