University of New Haven ID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and
Codes by: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARB Lecture 008: Chapter 8,
Brick masonry Review Chapter 7 Questions 1- 5 on page 265 Reading
assignment: Fundamentals of Building Construction Chapter 9: Stone
and Concrete Masonry Question: 1 6 page 335
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
In this chapter, you will learn:
Alternative ways of making mortar for masonry
How bricks are manufactured and specified
Standard sizes and shapes of bricks
The basics of bricklaying
Brick bonds
Spanning openings in brick walls
Spanning space with brick domes and vaults
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.1 Selecting Bricks and Mortar
1. Indicate appropriate brick and mortar selections for each of
the following:
Mortar Types are described in Figure 8.5 of the text. Brick
Grades and Types are described in Figure 8.15. Additional
guidelines are provided on page 60 of the Exercises workbook.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.1 Selecting Bricks and Mortar
Brick Brick Mortar Grade Type Type
a. Little Rock, Arkansas: Exterior SW FBX S or M
Load-bearing walls for a 17-story
dormitory with a highly-regular
and smooth appearance:
A high-strength mortar type is required where structural loads
are high.
b. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Wall facing inside a NW FBA O or N
shopping mall, with a hand-made brick look
Structural loads and weathering are not concerns choose a
low-strength mortar type.
c. Palm Springs, California: Brick retaining wall SW FBA M
with a very rough texture
Type M mortar is recommended for masonry in ground
contact.
d. Cody, Wyoming: Exterior brick facing on a SW FBS N
single-story house, with a moderate range of size and color
variation
Type N mortar is recommended for non-load-bearing masonry
veneer.
e. Mobile, Alabama: Smooth brick sidewalk SW FBX M
Type M mortar is recommended for masonry in ground
contact.
f. Seattle, Washington: Variegated bricks for an SW or MW FBS
or FBA S
exterior two story reinforced, load-bearing wall
Type S mortar is recommended for exterior reinforced or
load-bearing masonry .
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
2. Give two alternative recipes for type S mortar:
Typical mortar mixes are described in Figure 8.6 of the text.
Note that Water is a necessary ingredient.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
2. Give two alternative recipes for type S mortar:
Typical mortar mixes are described in Figure 8.6 of the text.
Note that Water is a necessary ingredient.
a. With masonry cement:
Portland Cement: 1/2 volume
Masonry Cement: 1 volume Type II
Sand: 2 1/4 to 3 times the total volume of cements
Water
b: With lime:
Portland Cement: 1 volume
Lime: 1/4 to 1/2 volume
Sand: 2 1/4 to 3 times the volume of cement and lime
Water
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
3. Starting with a 3/8" (9.5 mm) mortar joint at the
bottom,
fill each rectangle with an elevation view of running bond
brick
work using the designated size of brick. Draw each brick
and
its surrounding mortar joints as accurately as you can.
Brick sizes are shown on Figure 8.11 of the text.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
3. Starting with a 3/8" (9.5 mm) mortar joint at the
bottom,
fill each rectangle with an elevation view of running bond
brickwork using the designated size of brick. Draw each
brick and its surrounding mortar joints as accurately as
you can.
Brick sizes are shown on Figure 8.11 of the text.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.2 Brick Bonds
In the spaces below, draw elevations and corresponding cross
sections of brick walls in each of the indicated bonds. Use modular
bricks and a nominal 8" (200 mm) wall thickness. Draw mortar joint
thickness accurately.
Brick bonds are illustrated in Figures 8.18 and 8.19 of the
text.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.2 Brick Bonds
In the spaces below, draw elevations and corresponding cross
sections of brick walls in each of the indicated bonds. Use modular
bricks and a nominal 8" (200 mm) wall thickness. Draw mortar joint
thickness accurately.
Brick bonds are illustrated in Figures 8.18 and 8.19 of the
text.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.2 Brick Bonds
Another bond of your choice or invention
Many solutions are possible.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
1. The small retail building whose plan is drawn below is to be
built of modular bricks.
Before construction can begin, you must work out exact
dimensions to guide masons.
Count squares to determine each dimension approximately, then
fill in the exact dimensions of the brickwork, accurate to the
nearest 1/8" or 1 mm, in such a way that only full bricks and half
bricks need be used in the stretcher courses. Check your work by
adding each chain of short dimensions and comparing the sum to the
corresponding overall dimension.
Brick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 8.22 of the
text, and further discussed on pages 65 66 of the Exercises
workbook.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
Brick masonry dimensioning is illustrated in Figure 8.22 of the
text, and further discussed on pages 65 66 of the Exercises
workbook.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of
wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm)
is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of
wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm)
is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
a. Modular brick
a) For nominal 2 1/4 brick, 3 courses (3 bricks plus 3 mortar
joints) = 8, so the height of one course = 8 / 3 courses =
2.67
b) 9 6 = 114; 114 / 2.67 per course = 42.7 courses; say 43
c) Height = 43 x 2.67 = 114.81 = 9 6 3/4 43 courses, 9 6
3/4
b. Engineer Standard brick
a) 1 course is 2 3/4 brick + 3/8 mortar joint = 3 1/8
b) 114 / 3.125 per course = 36.5 courses; say 37
c) Height = 37 x 3.125 = 115.625 = 9 7 5/8
37 courses, 97 5/8
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of
wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm)
is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
c. Closure Standard brick
a) 1 course = 3.625 + .375 = 4
b) 114 / 4 = 28.5; say 29
c) Height = 29 x 4 = 116 = 9 8
d) Or, 28 courses: 116 4 = 112 = 9 4
29 courses, 98, or 28 courses, 94
d. Roman brick
a) 1 course = 1.625 + .375 = 2
b) 114 / 2 = 57 courses exactly
c) Height is exactly 114
57 courses, 96
e. Norman brick
See modular brick solution
43 courses, 96 3/4
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.3 Masonry Dimensioning
2. The ceiling of this building will be flat and constructed of
wood joists. If a ceiling height of approximately 9'-6" (2896 mm)
is desired, figure the number of courses and the exact height of
the wall for each of the following types of masonry units:
f. King Size brick, 2 5/8 high
a) 1 course = 2.625 + .375 = 3
b) 114 / 3 = 38 courses exactly
c) Height is exactly 114
38 courses, 96
g. 8 x 8 x 16 concrete block
a) Indicated block size is nominal: 1 course = 8
b) 114 / 8 = 14.25; say 14 courses
c) 14 x 8 = 112 = 9 4
h. Arizona adobe brick 4 x 12 x 8, with 1/2 joints
a) Assume indicated brick size is actual, not nominal:
1 course = 4 + 1/2 = 4.5
b) 114 / 4.5 = 25.33, say 25
c) 25 x 4.5 = 112.5 = 9 4 1/2
25 courses, 94 1/2
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
1. Draw in both elevation and section an appropriate design to
span each of these openings:
See Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various
techniques for spanning wall openings.
a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular brickwork
two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing in the opening,
before you start designing the opening. You may use special brick
shapes if you wish.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
See Figures 8.25 through 8.33 for examples of various
techniques for spanning wall openings.
a. Doorway in a garden wall of Flemish Bond modular brickwork
two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale, standing in the opening,
before you start designing the opening. You may use special brick
shapes if you wish.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
2. A window opening in a downtown apartment building built of
Closure Standard bricks is two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale
in the window, and pay attention to how you detail the brickwork at
the sill and jambs. Use any bond you wish, and special brick shapes
as you see fit.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
8.4 Lintels and Arches
2. A window opening in a downtown apartment building built of
Closure Standard bricks is two wythes thick. Draw yourself to scale
in the window, and pay attention to how you detail the brickwork at
the sill and jambs. Use any bond you wish, and special brick shapes
as you see fit
.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
1. How many syllables are in the word masonry (Hint: There
cannot be more syllables in a word than there are vowels. Many
people, even masons and building professionals, mispronounce this
word.)
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
1. How many syllables are in the word masonry (Hint: There
cannot be more syllables in a word than there are vowels. Many
people, even masons and building professionals, mispronounce this
word.)
There are 3 syllables in masonry. It should never be pronounced
ma-son-er-ry.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
2. What are the most common types of masonry units?
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
2. What are the most common types of masonry units?
The most common types of masonry units are bricks, concrete
masonry units, and stone.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
3. What are the molding process used in manufacturing bricks?
How do they differ from one another?
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
3. What are the molding process used in manufacturing bricks?
How do they differ from one another?
The soft mud process molds bricks by forcing relatively moist
clay into rectangular molds. The dry-press process uses a
high-pressure machine to force relatively dry clay into molds. The
stiff mud process, the most widely used of the three, extrudes a
rectangular column of clay from a die and cuts it into individual
bricks with a wire.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
4. List the functions of mortar.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
4. List the functions of mortar.
Mortar serves as an adhesive, holding masonry units together;
as a cushion to create full bearing between units; as a sealant to
keep weather from penetrating between units; and as a part of the
finished surface of the wall.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
5. What are the ingredients of mortar? What is the function of
each ingredient?
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
5. What are the ingredients of mortar? What is the function of
each ingredient?
The most common type of mortar is made up of fine sand, which
gives bulk and strength to the mortar; portland cement, a binder,
which gives strength and weather resistance; hydrated lime, which
imparts workability; and water, which activates the cement and lime
and also imparts workability.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
6. Why are mortar joints tooled? Which tooling profiles are
suitable for a brick wall in a severe climate?
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
6. Why are mortar joints tooled? Which tooling profiles are
suitable for a brick wall in a severe climate?
Mortar joints are tooled to give a neat appearance of the
desired type, and to compress the face of the mortar so as to make
it more weathertight. Concave and vee joints are suitable for
severe climates.
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Review Questions:
7. What is the function of a structural brick bond such as
common or Flemish bonds? Draw the three most popular brick bonds
from memory.
A structural bond ties two or more wythes of masonry into a
single wall. (The three most popular structural bondscommon,
Flemish, and Englishare illustrated in Figures 8.18 and 8.19 of the
textbook.)
ID 218 Interior System, Materials and Codes Chapter 8, Brick
Masonry:
Chapter 8 Web Links
www.bia.org
Brick Industry Association
www.generalshale.com
General Shale Company
www.glengerybrick.com
Glen-Gery Brick Company
www.imiweb.org
International Masonry Institute
University of New Haven ID 218 Interior Systems, Materials and
Codes by: Denis R. Ouimette AIA, OAQ, NCARB