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--a consequence of altered complex physiological processes--

(i) Viral factor associated with virus replication/symptom induction: Multifunctional protein p29

Modulation of ecological fitness of virocontrol agents Key theme of modern virology�

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dsRNA 9-13 kb

Viral transcription/replication complex

Golgi-derived Lipid layer

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By courtesy of Dr B I Hillman

From U. Heiniger, D. Rigling

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(virus-free) (virus-infected)

virus

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germination

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Viral dsRNA��

Viral mRNA degradation�

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RnMBV1�

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RNA silencing suppressor

ΔΔdcl2 wild-type virus-free RnVV1 virus-free RnVV1

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RNA silencing (RNAi) �

RNA silencing pathway

Viral dsRNA��

Viral mRNA degradation�

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RdRp�Dicer

RnMBV1�

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RNA silencing suppressor

RNA silencing (RNAi): Antiviral defense ( �

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Viruses belonging to at least five virus families

PDA PDA

W779 �

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3-D by Dr N. Miyazaki

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10μm� 50μm�

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SMV ZYMV

CMV ZYMV

(2003

dsRNA

RNA

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) microRNAs (miRNAs)

RNA

RNA RISC

RNA mRNA RISC

RISC mRNA

RIB, Okayama University��

Sun Liying��Ana Eusebio-Cope�� � � � ��

CAB, UMBI � � Rutgers University �Donald L. Nuss � � Bradley I. Hillman �� � ��

West Virginia University � Okayama University �William MacDonald

Natl Inst for Fruit Tree Sci� � �

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University of Kentucky� Said A Ghabrial

Acknowledgments�