Post on 12-Jan-2017
Deploying Rice Varieties with Enhanced Adaptation to Lowland Farming Systems: Case Studies
from South AsiaAbdelbagi. M. Ismail, U. Singh, D. Platten, E.
Septiningsih, R. K. Singh, A. Kumar, D Mackill
Floods Salt stressDrought
International Rice Research Institute(IRRI) Philippines
‒ 90% of the world’s rice is produced and consumed in Asia‒ Over 70% of the world’s poor are in Asia
Poverty still the highest in rice producing countries
PovertyEach dot represents 250,000 people living on less than $1.25 a day, 2005
Rice ConsumptionAnnual consumption per capita
<12kg 12-36 36-72 72-120 >120kg
Rice consumption growing, but data poor,
Challenges and opportunitiesOver half the world’s rice area affected by
drought, flooding, salinity, nutritional deficiencies and toxicities
Most of the world’s poor rice farmers live in these areas
Future need have to be met from marginal lands and resources
Addressing abiotic stresses constraints facing today’s farmers will prepare us for future climate challenges
Grown from 50 oN in N. China to 35 oS in Australia and Argentina, From 3,000 m above sea level to 3 M below sea levelAdapted to diverse hydrology; from dry lands (upland rice), to flooded soils (lowlands), to deepwater (>6 m)Adapted to variable soils and temperature regimesExploiting this diversity will help cope with current and future food requirements
Rice is adapted to diverse soils and weather conditions
6 Jun 203
Need to explore the genetic diversity present in rice
IR64
IAC
16
5M
202
Mor
ober
kan
Dom
Suf
id
Cyp
ress
Pokk
ali
Asw
ina
Swar
na
Inia
Toc
uari
Co 39 Patbyeo Gerdeh Dular Sadu-cho
GRC (IRRI) holds over 124,000 accessions of cultivated rice & wild
relatives
Small proportion used in Breeding
Major abiotic stresses affecting rice
drought
submergence
salinity
Heat/cold
Other soil problems: Al & Fe toxicity and Zn & P deficiency
QTL Ch R2 LODSUB1 9 ~ 70% > 35Saltol 1 ~ 45% >8Pup1 12 ~ 80% 16.5
Drought 12 ~ 50% 35.0AG 9 >30% 19.9
Large-effect QTLs for abiotic stresses
SalinityGermination
under flooding
Pup1
P-def
+P -P
SUB1
Drought causes severe losses to farmers
Annually 25-30 m ha of rainfed rice experience droughtMajor QTLs for grain yield were identified and are being used in breedingNumerous tolerant varieties released during 2009-15 with yield advantage of 0.7 to 1.5 t/ha
Drought-stressed lowland riceWell-watered lowland rice
Case 1: Drought tolerant rice
Donors identifed & markers develped; being used for major QTLs in different genetic backgrounds
Recipient QTLs Chr Region Add. (%) DonorVandana qDTY12.1 12 RM28048-RM28166 42.8 Way RaremIR64 qDTY1.1
qDTY1.2
qDTY2.2
qDTY4.1
qDTY9.1
qDTY10.1
1 124 910
RM11943- RM12091RM212- RM315RM236- RM279RM335- RM518RM566- RM24350RM258- RM25694
24.317.413.66.328.918.0
N22N22
Aday selAday selAday selAday sel
Swarna qDTY1.1
qDTY2.1
qDTY3.1
12 3
RM11943- RM12146RM521- RM6374RM520- RM16030
29.322.730.2
N22ApoApo
Sabitri qDTY3.2
qDTY12.1
312
RM569-RM517RM28048- RM28199
31.122.9
IR77298-5-6-18IR74371-46-1-1
MTU1010 qDTY1.1 1 RM11943- RM12146 16.1 N22
TDK 1 qDTY3.1
qDTY6.2
36
RM520-RM16030RM217
14.421.4
IR55419-04IR55419-04
Sahbhagi dhanNati mahsuri
Sahbhagi dhan
Moti
Nati Mahsuri
Sahbhagi dhan
Sahbhagi dhan
Neelkanth
Tolerant varieties showed positive impacts in farmers’ fields
Drought-tolerant varieties released in Asia during 2010-2014
Breeding line Year Designation CountryCRR 383-22 2008 CR dhan 40 IndiaIR 74371-70-1-1 2010 Sahbhagi dhan India
2011 BRRI dhan 56 Bangladesh2012 Sukha dhan 3 Nepal
IR74371-46-1-1 2012 Sukha dhan 1 NepalIR74371-54-1-1 2012 Sukha dhan 2 NepalIR 87707-446-B-B-B 2014 Sukha dhan 4 NepalIR 83383-B-B-108-3 2014 Sukha dhan 5 NepalIR 83383-B-B-129-4 2014 Sukha dhan 6 NepalIR81412-B-B-82-1 2011 NSIC Rc274 (Sahod Ulan 3) PhilippinesIR81023-B-116-1-2 2011 NSIC Rc 278(Sahod Ulan 5) PhilippinesIR72667-16-1-B-B-3 2011 NSIC Rc280 (Sahod Ulan 6) PhilippinesIR74963-262-5-1-3-3 2011 NSIC Rc284 (Sahod Ulan 8) PhilippinesIR 79971-B-191-B-B 2011 IR79971-B-191-B-B IndonesiaIR 79971-B-227-B-B 2011 IR 79971-B-227-B-B Indonesia
IR64+qDTY: First molecular breeding product reaching farmers
ENTRYRajshahi
Nepalganj RPR HYD SS HYD MS
Hazaribag Rewa
IR64 -DR 1525 3472 3956 1684 3800 1604 3731 IR 64 980 1597 2662 660 3085 958 2503
• Yield advantage of 0.6- 1.6 t/ha under drought• Similar yield and quality otherwise• Released in 2014 in India, Nepal, & Myanmar
• Lower canopy temperature• Higher RLD at depth in some soils• Higher root hydraulic conductivity
IR64IR64-2.2+4.1
Two QTLs: qDTY2.2 and qDTY4.1:
Case 2: Submergence tolerant riceFlash floods annually affect 15-22 million ha in Asia Affected areas are highly populated with poor farming communities FR13A identified in 1970s after screening 18,000 accessions SUB1 identified in mid-1990s as the major gene Cloned in 2005, gene-based markers developed and used in MABC
2006: Transferred into popular varieties using MABC
Sub1 varieties survive 10-18 days of submergence.
FR13A
Ten Sub1 varieties developed in backgrounds of popular varieties, all commercializedYield advantage: 1- >3 t/ha after 7-18 days of floodingNo penalty on yield or quality in absence of floods
Swarna-Sub1 in UP (Faizabad, India), 2008
After flood, July 31
After recoveryOctober 31
Breeding line Year designation CountryIR05F102 (Swarna) 2009 Improved Swarna India
2009 INPARA-5 Indonesia2010 BRRI dhan-51 Bangladesh2011 Swarna-Sub1 Nepal2011 Yemyoke Khan Myanmar
IR07F102 (IR64) 2009 NSIC Rc194 Philippines2009 INPARA-4 Indonesia
IR07F290 (BR11) 2010 BRRI dhan-52 BangladeshIR09F436 (Ciherang) 2011 INPARA-5 Indonesia
2014 BINA dhan11 BangladeshIR07F101 (S. Mahsuri) 2012 S. Mahsuri-Sub1 India
2011 S. Mahsuri-Sub1 Nepal2014 BINA dhan12 Bangladesh
CR1009-Sub1 2014 CR1009-Sub1 India
Several Sub1 varieties released in Asia: 2009-14
Ciherang-Sub1
Local varieties
Swarna-Sub1 Field submerged for 18 days in N. Bangladesh
Swarna
Field submerged for 22 days in, Kurigram,
Bangladesh
Over 4 m farmers reached with seeds of Sub1 varietiesWorks in all genetic backgrounds and environments Effective from seedling to early reproductive stage
Seedling-stage tolerance (12 dS/m)
Reproductive-stage tolerance (8 dS/m)
Case 3: salt-tolerant riceSalt stress affecting more than 16 m ha in AsiaEffect worsening with climate change, especially in coastal deltasTolerance is complex, involve several traitsTolerant landraces identified and are being used to breed tolerant varietiesMarkers developed for major loci and are being used for MABC and forward breeding
TolerantSensitive
Name Country released/year
Days to maturity
Grain type
CSR36 (Naina) India, 2005 135 Long slender
BRRI dhan47 Bangladesh, 2007 145 Medium boldBINA dhan8 Bangladesh, 2010 145 BoldBRRI dhan53 Bangladesh, 2010 122 Medium slenderBRRI dhan54 Bangladesh 2010 132 Medium slenderNDRK 5088 (ND Usar Dhan 2008)
UP, India 2010 120-125 Long bold
BRRI dhan 55 Bangladesh 2011 145 Long slenderCR Dhan 405 (Luna Sankhi) Odisha, India 2012 100-110 Medium bold
CR Dhan 406 (Luna Barial) Odisha, India 2012 150-155 Medium bold
BINA dhan10 Bangladesh 2012 121-125 Medium boldBRRI dhan61 Bangladesh 2013 145 Medium slenderGosaba 5 India 2014 135 Short BoldCSR 43 UP, India 2011/ 2014 110 Long Slender
BRRI dhan65 Bangladesh, 2014 100 Long slenderBRRI dhan67 Bangladesh, 2014 145 Medium slender
BRRI dhan73 Bangladesh 2015 120-125 Medium slender
Salt tolerant varieties released in India and Bangladesh
Salt tolerant varieties have considerable impacts in farmers’ fields
CSR-89IR-8
BRRI dhan28
BRRI dhan47
Before After
High yield in saline coastal & alkaline inlands(>2 t/ha)
Help reclaim salt affected areas
Slow; requires over 10-15 years to develop a new variety
Khandagiri
CR dhan 405
Alkaline soils, UP, India
Population Trait QTL Chr. Marker IM LOD IM R2
IR29 x Pokkali Plant height qPH2 2 RM13332 5.1 16 Shoot Na/K qSNK1 1 RM10793 6.7 20 Root Na/K qRNK1 5.5 17Kalarata x Azucena SES 2 wk ses2w3.1 3 SO3065 7.2 18 Root length rl2.1 2 R2M50 9.1 22 Root DWt rdw1.1 1 RM7643 5.2 13 Shoot [Na+] snc1.1 1 RM10696B 7.7 19 Shoot Na+/K+ snkr1.1 9.7 23
Chikiram x Azucena SES Qses1.1 1 S01140 5.6 9.8
Na+/K+ qNaK1.1 1 RM10748 12.4 20.5 [K+] qK1.1 1 RM10793 12.9 21.2 Root Na+/K+ qR-NaK1.1 5.5 9.6 Root [Na+] qR-Na6.1 6 RM340 5.1 9 Capsule x BR29 SES qSES3.1 3 R3M53 5.3 23 K+ uptake qK2.1 2 RM525 6.6 30 K+ uptake qK12.3 12 RM252B 5.9 15 FL478 x Azucena [Na+] qNa1.1 1 RM3252 7.5 16.9 SES final qNa1.3 9.7 21.2 SES initial qSES12.1 12 RM19 5.4 12.4
Examples of QTLs associated with salt tolerance e
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
1 32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
32
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
2
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12
6 7
8 9 10 11 12
6 7
8 9 10 11 12
6 7
8 9 10 11 12
6 7
8 9 10 11 12
7
8 9 10 11 12
7
8 9 10 11 12
7
8 9 10 11 12
7
8 9 10 11 12
7
8 9 10 11 128 9 10 11 128 9 10 11 128 9 10 11 128 9 10 11 129 10 11 1210 11 1210 11 1210 11 1211 1211 1211 12121212
Certain donors contribute novel QTLs
2.3.3.10 Salt stressVegetative stage- Saltol Reproductive stage CSR28/Sadri (RILs)
Chr 2 Chr 6
• K+ uptake in flag leaf on Chr2• Chlorophyll A, B
and total chlorophyll on Chr 6
• Number of unfilled grains on Chr 6
Examples of popular varieties introgressed with Saltol:
• BRRI dhan28• BRRI dhan29• BR11• IR64• AS966• Swarna
Strategy: combining QTL associated with tolerance
Identify donors contributing novel QTLsUse WGS to speed fine mapping, candidate gene discovery and marker developmentCombining several QTLs/genes from different sources for higher tolerance
Strategies for outreach:Over 30 varieties released in last 4 yearsFacilitate production and dissemination of sufficient high quality seeds to farmersAlign proper partners in the seed chain to facilitate multiplication and dissemination (>650 partners)– Strengthen the capacity of public & private sector
partnersMobilize additional resources (India: > 70 m US$)Launch awareness programs to speed uptakeCatalyze strategy dialogues to ensure enabling polices
STVs provide options for improved system-productivity
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May REY(t/ha/yr)
Traditional/Farmers’ System Productivity : 2-9 t/ha/yr2-34-5
6-9
Improved System Productivity : 7-21 t/ha/yr8-10
7-9
13-1714-21
HYV Rice
Traditional Rice
Grasspea/MungTrad. RiceHYV Rice
HYV Rice
HYV Rice HYV Rice
HYV Rice HYV Rice Corn/Sflower/Wmelon
HYV Rice
HYV Rice Mung/Sesame
Sesame/Mungbean
Traditional Rice
Coastal zones of S. Bangladesh
LessonsStress tolerant varieties are delivering:
- Stability: higher yeilds and low variability in production- Equity: benefiting marginal and poor farmers forced to live off
marginal area at higher densities- Options for higher income – intensity & diversity Farmers accessing STVs (risk reduction):- Taking better care of their crop- Using more inputs, investing in better technologies- Accessing agricultural credit
Helped expanding in new areas not usable beforeGaining more support from national programs leading to fast delivery and impactsEntry for influencing national and regional policies on varietal release, seed guidelines & regional strategies
UCRJulia-Bailey-Serres Takashi FukaoTim CloseHarkamal Walia
UCD:Pam RonaldEd Blumwald
IRRIVangie EllaTobias KretzschmarGina VergaraSudhanshu SinghYoichi KatoGlen Gregoreo
R&D PartnersPartners in Asia & AfricaStudentsGovernments NGOsPrivate CompaniesFarmers & Associations
Thank You