«Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия»

Water Quality Management and Community Involvement in IWRM

25th June, 2013

Eng. Ahmed Abou ElseoudWater Resources Management Expert

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Water Pollution

• Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organism or makes water unsuitable for desired uses.

• It is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

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Where do Water pollutants come from?

• Point Sources – A single definable source of the pollution, e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated.

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Where do Water pollutants come from?

• Non-point sources – No one single source, but a wide range of sources.

• Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control.

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Sources of Water pollution

Sources of Water Pollution

1. Industrial Sector2. Agriculture3. Sewage Pollution4. Garbage and Floating Debris5. Oil Spell and Navigation Pollution6. Fish Cages7. Thermal pollution

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Types of Water pollutants

• Degradable• Non-Degradable

Non-persistent (degradable) Water pollutants

• Domestic sewage • Fertilizers • Some industrial wastes

The Environmental damage is reversible

Persistent Water pollutants

• some pesticides (e.g., DDT, dieldrin) • some leachate components from landfill sites

(municipal, industrial) • petroleum and petroleum products • PCBs, dioxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) • radioactive materials• metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium

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Persistent Water pollutants

• This is the most rapidly growing type of pollution

• it includes substances that degrade very slowly or cannot be broken down at all

The damage they cause is either irreversible or repairable only over decades or centuries

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Plastic waste in water

Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal areas kills up to:

• 100,000 marine mammals, • 1 million sea birds, and • countless fish.

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Acid rain

• Acid rain includes rain, sleet or snow with a pH level that falls below 5.6 (normal rainwater).

Freshwater BiodiversityMore than 20% of freshwater fish species

have become extinct, threatened or endangered.

In North America 67% of mussels, 37% freshwater fish, and 40% of amphibians are threatened or have become extinct.

Source: Living Planet Report, WWF 2002

Freshwater Species Population Index

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How do we measure water quality?

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Objectives of the Water Quality Monitoring Program

• For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritization;

• To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies;

• To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence;

• To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;• To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost

on pollution control;• To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants. • To assess the suitability of water for different uses

What do we measure?

• Fecal Coliform/Coliform• Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD)• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) • Temperature• Turbidity/Total Suspended Solids

(TSS)• Heavy metals, (e.g., lead,

mercury, cadmium) • Carbon dioxide• Nitrite• Salinity• Ammonia

• Chlorine• Iron• Selenium• Hardness• Sulfate and Sulfite• Methane• Conductivity/Total Dissolved

Solids (TDS) • Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing• Capacity (ANC) Color Odor • Synthetic organics (e.g.,

pesticides, PCBs)

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• Water intake point - community water supply.

• Large/medium polluting industries or cluster of SSI.

• Bathing water.

• Source of river – (reference point).

• D/S of large irrigated areas.

• Low flow stretches.

• D/S of big cities.

• D/S of Water abstraction Structures

• U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers.

• Inter-state boundaries.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONS

- Electric Conductivity (EC) dS/m- Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l- PH- Turbidity NTU/FTU- Transparency m- Temperature C - Water Flow Rate m3/sec- Smell 1,2,3,4,5

- Color 1,2,3,4,5

Field Measurements

Water Quality Monitoring

1. Sampling

Water Quality monitoring

2. Samples preservation and transfer

Water Quality Monitoring

3. Field Measurements

Water Quality Monitoring

3. Field Measurements

Water Quality Monitoring

Continuous Monitoring Systems

Biomonitoring

the study of biological organisms and their responses to environmental conditions; can be fish, algae or insect communities

Why study macroinvertebrates?

• Affected by the physical, chemical and biological conditions of stream

• Can’t escape pollution - show the effects of short and long-term pollution events

• Can show the cumulative impacts of pollution• May show the impacts of habitat loss

Why study macroinvertebrates?

• Critical part of the stream’s food web• Relatively easy to sample and identify (easier

than algae)• Have greater diversity in stream than fish -

sport fishing, stocking of fish and exotic species have altered fish community

IDENTIFICATION

Key identification features• Overall body shape (NOT SIZE)• Case made of sticks, leaves, stone• Legs• Presence and location of gills• Presence and location of cerci (“tails”)• Head capsule, unusual appendages• Movement (crawl; swim side-to-side, up-down)

Range of Tolerance

Assessing the Biological Status• According to the WFD, the biological status of surface water is to be

assessed using:

– the elements phytoplankton,

– other aquatic flora,

– macroinvertebrates and fish fauna.

• The preliminary assessments of ecological status should be based on the most sensitive quality elements with respect to the existing physical alterations.

• Effects resulting from other impacts should be excluded as far as possible.

Designing with Water

Rainwater Harvesting

= Collect rainwater from building roofs to use for other purposes instead of losing as runoff

Been around for thousands of years

Currently used all over the world, from Haiti to the Berkeley hills

Low Cost Roofwater

A house with a 1,000 sq. ft. roof could yield 600 gallons of rainwater from a one inch rainfall A = (catchment area of building)

R = (inches of rain)G = (total amount of collected rainwater)

(A) x (R) x (600 gallons) / 1000 = (G)

Domestic UsesIn the US each person uses

approximately 150 gallons of water per day

bath - 3-40 gallonsshower - 5 gallons per minute

Water Conservation

= Technologies or ideas that can be used to reduce the amount of water consumed per person

Household levelResidential use ~75% of urban demand60% of residential use is indoors

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.

Efficient Toilets 40% of household water used in toilets Conventional toilets use 3.5 – 5 gallons per flush Alternatives

Toilet displacement devices Low flow: 1.6 gpf Cascading toilets: use water from sink to flush Composting toilets: little to no water used

Energy Policy Act of 1992 - new home use toilets must operate on 1.6 gallons per flush or less

Sources: Alexander, 2003; EPA, 2003; Oasis Design, 2003.

Composting Toilets

Phoenix, Inc.

Showers 30% of household water used in showers

Water consumption Standard: 4.5 gpm Low-flow: 2.5 gpmUltra low-flow: 1.5 gpm

Low-flow showerheads cost ~$5 and can save 20,000 gallons/year in a 4 person household

Source: EPA, 2003.

Other household water usesOther appliances with low-flow alternatives

Faucets = 5% of total indoor household useWashing machines = 20% of totalDish washers = up to 5% of total

Save water and energy required to heat “extra” water

Source: EPA, 2003.

What is Greywater?= Water that has been used in the

home, except water from toilets (blackwater).

Dish, shower, sink and laundry water comprise 50-80% of residential wastewater

Source: USEPA 1992

Total Greywater=

59%

Source: Home Energy Magazine Online, July/August 1995.

Integrated Solutions

Eco Roofs• Green roofs, or eco-roofs, are roofs that are entirely

or partially covered with vegetation and soils.• Eco-roofs have been popular in Europe for decades

and have grown in popularity in the U.S. Recently as they provide multiple environmental benefits.

• Eco-roofs improve water quality by filtering contaminants as the runoff flows through the growing medium or through direct plant uptake.

• Studies have shown reduced concentrations of suspended solids, copper, zinc, and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) from eco-roof runoff.

D e s i g n D e t a i l s An intensive eco-roof may consist of shrubs and small trees

planted in deep soil (more than 6 inches) arranged with walking paths and seating areas and often provide access for people.

In contrast, an extensive eco-roof includes shallow layers (less than 6 inches) of low-growing vegetation and is more appropriate for roofs with structural limitations.

Both categories of eco-roofs include engineered soils as a growing medium, subsurface drainage piping, and a waterproof membrane to protect the roof structure.

Bioretention Planters

• Bioretention is the use of plants, engineered soils, and a rock sub-base to slow, store, and remove pollutants from stormwater runoff.

Role of Water Users Organization Project: Environmental Component

• Determine the Scope of Environmental Management at WUO level– Awareness Raising on Environmental problems– Training in Simple Water Quality Monitoring– Capacity Building to Resolve Environmental

Issues• Develop Local Systems for SWM• Develop Local Sewage Treatment Systems• Develop Initiatives for Studies and Experiments at

WUO level

FaWUOP: Environment Program

• Objective: – To enhance the Environmental Situation in and

around Water Resources• Outputs:

– Water Quality Monitoring program in Place– BCWUAs Capacity is raised– Cooperation with Local Units by WUOs to solve

Environmental Problems

FaWUOP: Environment Program

• Objective: – To enhance the Environmental Situation in and

around Water Resources• Outputs:

– Awareness Raising and Capacity Development– Water Quality Monitoring program in Place– Cooperation with Local Units by WUOs to solve

Environmental Problems

Water Quality Monitoring Training program

• Work Plan:– Develop Modules for Training on WQM in cooperation

with the WQU:• Problems, Behavior, Roles• Water Quality Monitoring• Finding Solutions and Planning Actions• Evaluation & Impact

– Implement Training in Seila and Sinnruis (FID, IAS, EPAD, WUOs)

– Evaluate Training for replication throughout Fayoum– Implement the Training in all WUOs

Awareness Raising Campaign

• Work Plan:– Assessment of Awareness Levels at Existing

BCWUAs– Development of Messages and Awareness

Materials– Preparation of Media Map & Linkages– Campaign Implementation

Project Site

Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland Project

Detailed Project ElementsI. Collection works: 1- Intake channel

2- Pumping station

II. Treatment works:

3- Sedimentation basins

4- Drying Beds

5- Surface flow beds

6- Subsurface Flow beds

III. Treated effluent disposal:

7-To Bahr El Baqr Drain

8-To Reuse area

9-Fish ponds

Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland

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6

57

3

3

4

6

8

1- INTAKE

2- PUMP STATION

4- DISTRIBUTION Channel

5- SURFACE FLOW BEDS

6- RECIPROCATING (SUBSURFACE) CELLS

7- HATCHERY PONDS

8- FINGERLING PONDS

3- SEDIMENTATION BASIN 1

2

4

5

5

6

7

8

3

3

Wetland Elements

Main Project (25,000m3/ Day )

Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland

Treatment System Components

Fingerling Ponds

Hatchery Ponds

Reciprocating Cells

Low Flow

Wetland

High Flow

WetlandSediment

Basin Units Parameter

450 50 500 3,000 21,500 25,000 M3/d Flow

1.1 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.5 M Depth

10,300 640 2,100 50,000 50,000 33,300 M2 Area

11,250 700 1,000 25,000 25,000 50,000 M3 Volume

25 14 2 8.3 1.2 2 Day Retention time

Removal Efficiency of the Pollutants

61.21%

81.03%

20.95%

52.39%62.12%

68.72%

25.93%

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Influent Effluent Removal Efficiency

Removal Efficiency of the Pollutants

37,771

186,383

97 732

99.74% 99.61%

020,00040,00060,00080,000

100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000200,000

Fecal Coliform Total ColiformParameter

Con

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n (m

g/l)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Influent Effluent Removal Efficiency

Concluding Remarks• The facility treats 25,000 m3/day with excellent effluent

quality

• The treated water is used for raising healthy fish suitable for human consumption

• The facility serves as a Center of Excellence for local, regional and international bodies

• Due to climatic differences between Egypt and Western Countries, retention time and dimensions could be reduced substantially

«Проект по экономической реабилитации и построению мер доверия»

Thank you for your Attention !

Questions?

Water Quality Management and Community Involvement in IWRM

25th June, 2013

Eng. Ahmed Abou ElseoudWater Resources Management Expert