Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes...

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 11 (2017) 1186-1102 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2017.12.004 Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology (I.U.S.T), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran Abstract: Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advances necessitates a change and evolution in building envelopes. Controlling the energy consumption of the buildings is mostly through controlling the energy performance of the building envelopes. New technologies lead to the intelligent facades and envelopes. The envelope can be designed to be a part of the whole building’s metabolism (energy production, storage and consumption) and morphology. The envelope would be a controlled part of the building which is managed through the central control system of the building, which connects it to other parts. It caused building envelope design to be changed fundamentally, so that there is a need to interact with engineering disciplines including computer engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering and so on. All of these caused building envelope to get closer to biological and living systems. The physical restrictions which affect buildings system and living systems are the same. So they cause the same forces to shape the structure and form of the systems and the same rules to interact with the environment. The restrictions of material and energy resources caused living systems to be energy efficient and consuming less material. But the most important difference between living systems and building systems is in maximum use of different resources. As living systems use information maximally, the building system technology is based on using maximum energy. Now, there are many reasons and restrictions that building envelopes cannot act like living systems. But technological developments and contributing more disciplines in design and construction of building envelopes caused the future way of these envelopes get close to living systems for their energy efficiency. Some of living systems characteristics which the future building envelopes would have partially or benefit for the design process or construction are self-organization, evolution principles, hierarchical levels, processing energy, reaction to environmental stimuli and self-adjustment. Self-organization is achieved in some design software and in building material production for creating formal patterns. Evolution principles provide infrastructure for soft wares for optimization purposes and form creation. Hierarchical levels refer to giving hierarchical structure to the building envelopes through layering and designing different scales. Processing energy (metabolism) would be achieved through photovoltaic and solar collectors to produce energy and in passive systems for energy storage and distribution. Controlling solar radiation absorption and transmittance would help energy transfer from outside to building and vice versa. Reaction to environmental stimuli which is one of the most important characteristics of future building envelopes would use different types of active and passive sensors to create envelope mechanical reactions through material properties or collect data for processing in the control center to determine the right reaction. The reaction would be through different strategies such as changing properties and moving. Reaction could be passive or active. Self-adjustment can be achieved by control systems and processing units. All of these mean intelligent envelopes are essential parts of future buildings. Though it is now started with new design soft wares based on biological principles to optimize different parameters affecting the envelope function or to create the most efficient form. Key words: Intelligent envelopes, living systems, new technologies, environmentally respondent, energy consumption. 1. Introduction To find out about the future of building envelopes Corresponding author: Elaheh Najafi, Ph.D. candidate; research fields: building envelope design, bionic design, intelligent buildings, green architecture, design thinking and management. E-mail: [email protected]. Mohsen Faizi, professor, Ph.D.; research fields: Sustainability, environment, and landscape design. Email: [email protected]. (Fig. 1), we must go through the history of their evolution. Vernacular and traditional architectures which evolved through time according to environmental conditions have appropriate solutions to climatic conditions within their design which is called passive design. So they did not use energy to survive but they were dependent upon their environment resources [1]. D DAVID PUBLISHING

Transcript of Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes...

Page 1: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 11 (2017) 1186-1102 doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2017.12.004

Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living

Characteristics

Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi

School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology (I.U.S.T), Tehran, 16846-13114, Iran

Abstract: Building envelopes include facades and roof, which have the most interaction and exchange with outside and natural environment. In the future, meeting buildings various complicated needs with new technological advances necessitates a change and evolution in building envelopes. Controlling the energy consumption of the buildings is mostly through controlling the energy performance of the building envelopes. New technologies lead to the intelligent facades and envelopes. The envelope can be designed to be a part of the whole building’s metabolism (energy production, storage and consumption) and morphology. The envelope would be a controlled part of the building which is managed through the central control system of the building, which connects it to other parts. It caused building envelope design to be changed fundamentally, so that there is a need to interact with engineering disciplines including computer engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering and so on. All of these caused building envelope to get closer to biological and living systems. The physical restrictions which affect buildings system and living systems are the same. So they cause the same forces to shape the structure and form of the systems and the same rules to interact with the environment. The restrictions of material and energy resources caused living systems to be energy efficient and consuming less material. But the most important difference between living systems and building systems is in maximum use of different resources. As living systems use information maximally, the building system technology is based on using maximum energy. Now, there are many reasons and restrictions that building envelopes cannot act like living systems. But technological developments and contributing more disciplines in design and construction of building envelopes caused the future way of these envelopes get close to living systems for their energy efficiency. Some of living systems characteristics which the future building envelopes would have partially or benefit for the design process or construction are self-organization, evolution principles, hierarchical levels, processing energy, reaction to environmental stimuli and self-adjustment. Self-organization is achieved in some design software and in building material production for creating formal patterns. Evolution principles provide infrastructure for soft wares for optimization purposes and form creation. Hierarchical levels refer to giving hierarchical structure to the building envelopes through layering and designing different scales. Processing energy (metabolism) would be achieved through photovoltaic and solar collectors to produce energy and in passive systems for energy storage and distribution. Controlling solar radiation absorption and transmittance would help energy transfer from outside to building and vice versa. Reaction to environmental stimuli which is one of the most important characteristics of future building envelopes would use different types of active and passive sensors to create envelope mechanical reactions through material properties or collect data for processing in the control center to determine the right reaction. The reaction would be through different strategies such as changing properties and moving. Reaction could be passive or active. Self-adjustment can be achieved by control systems and processing units. All of these mean intelligent envelopes are essential parts of future buildings. Though it is now started with new design soft wares based on biological principles to optimize different parameters affecting the envelope function or to create the most efficient form. Key words: Intelligent envelopes, living systems, new technologies, environmentally respondent, energy consumption.

1. Introduction

To find out about the future of building envelopes

Corresponding author: Elaheh Najafi, Ph.D. candidate; research fields: building envelope design, bionic design, intelligent buildings, green architecture, design thinking and management. E-mail: [email protected].

Mohsen Faizi, professor, Ph.D.; research fields: Sustainability, environment, and landscape design. Email: [email protected].

(Fig. 1), we must go through the history of their

evolution. Vernacular and traditional architectures

which evolved through time according to

environmental conditions have appropriate solutions to

climatic conditions within their design which is called

passive design. So they did not use energy to survive

but they were dependent upon their environment

resources [1].

D DAVID PUBLISHING

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Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics

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Fig. 1 Building envelope definition.

One of the most important characteristics of passive

design is to provide comfort condition as much as

possible inside the building through design solutions

and based on natural resources without using any more

additional energy. So building envelopes which is

defined as roofs, exterior walls and ground touched

floor and external surfaces of building, has the most

interaction with the environment and the most energy

exchange with outdoor. So they have a very crucial role

for providing comfort conditions in the buildings.

Understanding building envelope functions reveals

that envelopes has more additional important roles than

just seprating inside from outside and they are

influenced mostly by environmental and external

factors. These factors mostly are dynamic than static.

So they are the most suitable parts of buildings for

innovations. Considering their exchange of energy and

materials with the outside environment, building

envelopes are the most crucial parts of the buildings for

energy exchange and energy consumption of the

building and providing comfort conditions. Also, other

functions of the building envelopes can be listed as

creating building image, creating message for the urban

environment, symbolic values, providing natural

ventilation, providing natural light, controlling energy

exchange, providing visual view and finally providing

shelter against environment (Fig. 2). Building

envelopes can be designed somehow to be a part of

building morphology and metabolism and function that

is connected to other parts of building through

controlling system of the building which manage the

whole system and parts. This definition of building

envelope caused a fundamental and basic change in its

designing method which applied more collaboration

between different engineering disciplines and

architecture [2]. Besides that, new emerging

technologies and intelligent materials and delivery

systems bring forward the consideration to biological

models for expanding the understanding of their

behavior and designing building systems and

controlling their functions. So, a comprehensive

biological lexicon has been developed to explain new

architectural concepts and ideas [3].

One of the examples is the application of the word

“skin” for building envelope, which has a deeper

meaning than its just metaphoric naming usage [4].

This means that building skin can be a very

complicated membrane with the capability of

exchanging energy, material and data with the

environment in a controlled and managed way

according to building needs [5]. The idea of creating

natural skin characteristics in building envelopes which

has been proposed by some researches and designers is

more considered as self-healing, processed reaction,

passive reactions, and multi-functionality of envelopes.

Though its thermodynamics and heat transfer

characteristics have been less noticed. Studies on

finding a biological solution for natural ventilation lead

to solution that are sought in the patterns of natural

breathing skins in living organisms. This suggests the

idea of natural ventilation through controlled pores in

envelopes. Transformation of conventional facades and

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Fig. 2 Building envelope different functions.

roofs into skins which control and adjust the

temperature and energy flow of building can be

achieved by emulating living systems physical

characteristics, behavioral reactions and mechanisms

for temperature regulations [6].

2. Comparing Building System with Living Systems

There exists the same physical restrictions both for

buildings and living systems. There is a determined

proportion between space and the surface which

surrounds it as a system boundary to exchange the

resources. Gravity and environmental forces make

constrains for the formation and shaping of the

structure and forms. The limitation of resources as

material and energy in the environment leads to the

effective and intelligent use of them in living systems.

The most important difference between building and

living systems lies on energy usage. Though in the

technological systems, the energy consumption is

maximum in the living systems, it is the information

that counts for the most. There exists a difference

comparing minimum energy consumption between

living and engineering systems. This is because that

living systems in a competition for surviving have

evolved methods for minimum usage of resources and

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1090

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Page 6: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

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1091

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Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics

1092

views, in fact, integrate all the service components of

the building, including mechanical cooling and heating

installations, ventilation and artificial light, etc. in the

envelope of the building. The most innovative and

promising strategy for future building chains is the

dynamic, active, and integrated solutions based on

renewable energy sources. The behavior of envelopes

should be dynamic and moving [14].

The increasing complexity of the human

environment requires the use of various specialties for

designing buildings. This specialization has led the

manufacturing process to become a scattered practice,

with the increasing collaboration of professionals from

various disciplines [15]. Currently, building skins are

the only elements of the building that are important in

architectural design and engineering design. The

envelopes have different functions (thermal, energy

consumption, static, light supply, etc.) [16].

Envelopes are the most effective part of building for

technical innovations that existing technologies can not

meet their developing needs. Therefore, the need for

new strategies, techniques, and techniques in this field

is essential to make fundamental changes. When a type

of technology reaches its limits, experience has shown

that it is necessary to look for unusual solutions to

break the existing boundaries. The evolution of

envelopes has been accompanied by advances in

envelope engineering and building knowledge,

computer engineering, artificial intelligence and

cybernetics. New technologies and smart materials and

new distribution systems have introduced the

bio-models to understand the behavior and design of

building systems and their performance control.

Investigating future skins should lead to the

development of design methodology, the elements and

components of the envelope, and the integration of

facilities and services in the crust with regard to energy,

environmental and performance requirements as key

elements [17].

The envelope can be designed to act as part of the

overall morphology and metabolism of the building

system and be linked to other elements of the building

through the building management system (the overall

control system). This view to the envelope of the

building has fundamentally changed its design style

[2].

Living systems are very efficient, which can adapt to

environmental conditions and overcome various

challenges. Some of the living features and

characteristics that can be realized in the building

envelopes are listed as; self-organization, evolution

rules, hierarchical levels, energy processing,

responsiveness, self regulation.

3.1 Self-organization

Through self-organization, the order would be

transferred from lower levels to higher levels, which

means achieving more order that is in contradiction

with hierachical systems. Local interactions of system

components (units which have less complexity in

comparison to the whole system) lead to creation of

universal properties and behaviors [18, 19]. Though

the overall behavior may be very complicated, the local

interactions follow simple rules. Regulation

mechanisms lead to internal balance of the system and

system preservation instead of system disruption and

disturbance. Simulation of the simple interaction

between complex system components especially in

living systems has been possible by developing

multi-agent models that can predict the whole system

behavior. The self-organization rule has been realized

in architectural design through applying some new

soft-wares that work based on this rule. The physical

self-organization process can be integrated into

building materials production industry. In this case, it

helps formal patterning of materials in manufacturing

process that is especially crucial for new

manufacturing and production techniques for variety of

diversive materials and functions (Figs. 6 and 7) of

building envelopes in the future [20, 21].

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Fig. 6 Using

Fig. 7 Smart

3.2 Evolutio

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Page 9: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

1094

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Page 10: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Fig. 9 Hiera

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Page 11: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

1096

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Page 12: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Fig. 11 Resp

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Page 13: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics

1098

source of energy. This system is based on a laminated

surface from different metals which have different

thermal expansion coefficients. When the surface

exposes to heat, it causes tension and transformation in

it because of different expansion length of various

metals. If the temperature decreases and heat source is

omitted, the surface will go back to its original form

[33]. Applying electro-active polymers in dynamic

building envelopes provides high potential for their

transformations and their rapid elastic ability. These

polymers change size and shape when they are

influenced by electric field. Manuel Kreutzer in Zurich

Poly-Technique University has designed a prototype of

a kinetic envelope using software. The prototype

consists of a unit of self bearing multilayer from

elastomeres that transforms when connecting to

electricity. Architects, Soo-in Yang and David

Benjamin developed a transparent smart material that

is named living glass and is built from polymer arrays

as gills connected with sensors. The system reacts

according to human presence and carbon dioxide in the

environment and through opening and closure and

facilitates air penetration into indoor to control the air

quality inside building.

Most of the present reactive systems in buildings are

based on simple physical sensors. Sensors typically can

be classified into active and passive sensors. Active

sensors consume energy for their function and they are

used in many technological instruments. Sensors can

gather all the data about temperature, humidity, air

pressure, light intensity, movement and so on. Most of

the sensors in the buildings are passive sensors which

gather data in a passive way without consuming energy

and just for transforming the gathered data to electric

signals they behave in an active way. Passive sensors

do not need regulative processes and they do not

process the data, but the changes in physical conditions

cause them to response autonomously. These sensors

use their material properties for making responses,

through changing properties according to

environmental changes and making reactions.

Decentralized sensors need to integrate the sensing

elements into structural system of envelopes. One of

the disadvantages of passive sensors is that their

reactions to environmental changes cannot be

controlled and their degree and time of reactions can

not be adjusted. Actually, their responses depend on

physical parameters with a specific threshold. Hybrid

systems take the advantage of low energy consuming

characteristic of passive systems with controlling

benefit of active systems. Active systems act according

to the data that is received and process it to decide the

suitable response.. Responsiveness can be categorized

based on different factors, as shown in Fig.12.

Though most of these systems are in research and

development phase, there are some rare built samples,

such as intelligent façade of Media-Tic building in

Barcelona, Spain. The façade consists of a pneumatic

covering system made from heat resistant plastics

(ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene). Its pneumatic

mechanism is activated by optical sensors that react

automatically to solar radiation. The envelope is made

from three transparent layers with air gaps between

layers. Blowing air into gaps would increase its thermal

insulation and with exhausting air through suction the

layers would attach to each other and provides shade

and opaque layer.

3.6 Self-regulation

Self-regulation in living systems is the ability to

moderate and preserve physiologic balance inside a

system against the external disturbance and changing

conditions. The interpretation of this characteristic in

buildings can be through passive or active self

regulations. Building envelope is a part of the whole

building system which is connected to other building

subsystems and elements so that the sensors are

connected to each other and all of them are controlled

by the management system of building which is the

same as brain. Self-regulation can be achieved through

controlled responses to changing environmental

conditions. The main components of a responsive system

Page 14: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Fig. 12 Diffe

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Page 15: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics

1100

Fig. 14 Relations between sensor, controller and actuator.

buildings have responsive characteristics. For a

responsive building, having control over

environmental changes is very important so physical

sensors are needed to gather data from the environment

and a processor unit is necessary to detect the changes

from the data gathered by sensors. The processor unit

would define the type of response and its amount. So

the basic condition to have reaction is to have the

ability to sense and sensibility. A hierarchical

controlling system or controlling in several levels is

used more in complex and complicated systems. Most

of the complex systems include many interactive

subsystems. The central controlling system should be

divided and decentralized to ensure more effective

function of it. Hierarchical controlling systems contain

several controlling subsystems which connect to each

other and function in a hierarchical way [35].

Adaptability to environmental changes and making

changes according to user needs, caused buildings to

move more towards living systems. The application of

the words “smart building” and “smart envelopes”

mainly refers to buildings with static response behavior

in its systems [36]. But intelligent building envelope is

used for the buildings with ability to understand the

environment and can decide how to respond to

environment on time [37]. Responding on time is

important for an intelligent building.

4. Conclusion

Intelligent envelopes would be essential parts of

future buildings. Building envelope can be designed

somehow to be a part of the metabolism and

morphology of the whole building system and connects

to other parts through management system of the

building. This way of looking at building envelope

would lead to change in design views and methods

fundamentally so that it necessitates interaction and

collaboration of architects with other engineering fields

such as mechanic engineering, computer and electrical

engineering and so on [2]. Also, application of new

materials in building envelopes would lead to enhance

their functionality. Manufacturing technologies also

should be developed to achieve high performance

systems with lowest costs. Energy generative elements

can be integrated into envelopes to generate and

convert the energy needed [38].

The strategy of integration of various functions into

building envelope with application of new materials

also designing buildings as systems which have

interaction and exchange with the environment caused

a basic change in the definition of building envelopes

as subsystems of the whole building system and its

boundary to the surrounding environment. Considering

building envelope as a subsystem of the whole building

Page 16: Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living ...€¦ · Evolution of Building Envelopes through Creating Living Characteristics Elaheh Najafi and Mohsen Faizi School of

Fig. 15 Futu

system, puts

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conditions fo

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be categoriz

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functionality

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