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Zooplankton
htt : www.microsco -uk.or .uk
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m
Objectives
Be able to define zooplankton
Be familiar with the major groups of
zooplankton and their characteristics Explain the benefits of zooplankton
Explain how certain zooplankton can
gauge reproductive success
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Zooplankton
Zooplankton are the animal-likemembers of the plankton
Permanent and temporary planktonicforms
Most groups are multicellular and
categorized by mouth parts and/orappendages
Most groups feed as heterotrophic
consumers
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Planktos: drifts in greek
Their distribution depends on currentsand gyres
Certain zooplankton can swim well, butdistribution controlled by currentpatterns
Zooplankton: all heterotrophic planktonexcept bacteria and viruses; size range from 2
m (heterotrophic flagellates, protists) up toseveral meters (jellyfish)
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Major Groups ofZooplankton
Protozoa Ciliates, Amoebae
Rotifera Copepods
Gelatinous Zooplankton
Invertebrate and Vertebrate Larvae
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Protozoa
Single cell organisms
Primarily feed on
bacteria andphytoplankton
Capable ofreproducing rapidlydue to small size
Most species capableof forming cysts
Microzooflagellates,
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Ciliates and Amoebae
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Rotifera
Typically referred toas Rotifers
sloppy feeders onphytoplankton andother zooplankton
recycle nutrient viafeeding and fecalpellets
parthenogenic eggs
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Rotifers
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Copepods
Sloppy feeder onphytoplankton and
other zooplankton Major source of
food for larval fish
Recycles nutrientsvia feeding andfecal pellets
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Copepods
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Gelatinous Zooplankton
Commonly referredto as jellyfish
Most have stingingcells calledcnidocytes butsome are filter
feeders May be permanent
of temporary
members of thelankton
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Ctenophores
Cteno means comb:sometimes calledcomb jellies
Gelatinous filterfeeding organisms-no stinging cells
May bebioluminescent
Common in the Bayin the early Spring
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Comb Jellies
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Cnidarians Stinging cells
Chrysaoraquinequecirrha
Stinging and feedingtentacles
Male and female
forms jelly is the sexual
stage of the life cycleand is called the
medusa stage
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Other CnidariansHydromedusa, Portugese Man-o-war
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Larvae of Invertebrate and
Vertebrate Animals Temporary
members of the
plankton Invertebrates are
animals withoutbackbones: worms,
oysters, crabs Vertebrates are
animals with
backbones: fish
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Nutritional modes in zooplankton
Herbivores: feed primarily on phytoplankton
Carnivores: feed primarily on other
zooplankton (animals)
Detrivores: feed primarily on dead organicmatter (detritus)
Omnivores: feed on mixed diet of plants andanimals and detritus
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Feeding modes in Zooplankton
Filter feeders
Predators catch individual particles
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Filter Feeder
Copepod
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Fil F d
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Filter FeederCtenophore
P d t
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PredatorChaetognathArrow Worm
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Life cycles in Zooplankton
Holoplankton: spend entire life in thewater column (pelagic)
Meroplankton: spend only part of theirlife in the pelagic environment, mostlylarval forms of invertebrates and fish
Ichthyoplankton:fish eggs and fish
larvae
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M l kt
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Meroplankton
Nauplius larvahtt : www.microsco -uk.or .uk
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Barnacles:benthic sessile crustacean
http://science.whoi.edu/labs/pinedalab/
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Meroplankton
htt : www.microsco -uk.or .ukCypris larva
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http://science.whoi.edu/labs/pinedalab/
Cypris larva and metamorphosed juveniles
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Cypris larva and metamorphosed juveniles
http://science.whoi.edu/labs/pinedalab/
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Barnacle population regulation
http://science.whoi.edu/labs/pinedalab/
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GadidaeGadus morhua
Ichthyoplankton
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GadidaeGadus morhua
Ichthyoplankton
Gadidae
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GadidaeGadus morhua
Ichthyoplankton
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GadidaeAtlantic codGadus morhua
Demersal Adult
l
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Mollusca:clams and snails produce shelled veligerlarvae; ciliated velum serves for locomotion andfood collection
Cirripedia:barnacles produce nauplii, which turnto cypris
Echinodermata:sea urchins, starfish and seacucumber produce pluteus larvae of different
shapes, which turn into brachiolaria larvae(starfish); metamorphosis to adult is very complex
Polychaeta:brittle worms and other wormsproduce trochophora larvae, mostly barrel- shaped
with several bands of cilia
Common Meroplankton
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Decapoda:shrimps and crabs produce zoalarvae; they turn into megalopa larvae in crabsbefore settling to the sea floor
Pisces:fish eggs and larvae referred to asichthyoplankton; fish larvae retain part of the eggyolk in a sack below their body until mouth and
stomach are fully developed
Common Meroplankton
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Meroplankton
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Meroplanktonic Larvae
Planktotrophic Feeding larvae Longer Planktonic Duration Times
High dispersal potential
Lecithotrophic (non-feeding)
Non-feeding larvae Shorter planktonic Duration Times
Low dispersal potential
Molluscs:
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sharks/island/images/veliger.jpeg
MolluscsMeroplankonic Veliger larvaePLANKTOTROPHIC
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Protists: Protozooplankton Dinoflagellates:heterotrophic relatives to the
phototrophic Dinophyceae; naked and thecate forms.Noctiluca miliarisup to 1 mm or bigger,bioluminescence, prey on fish egg & zooplankton
Zooflagellates: heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF):taxonomically mixed group of small, naked flagellates,feed on bacteria and small phytoplankton;choanoflagellates: collar around flagella
Foraminifera:relatives of amoeba with calcareousshell, which is composed of a series of chambers;contribute to ooze sediments; 30 m to 1-2 mm,bacteriovores; most abundant 40N 40S
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DinoflagellatesNoctiluca miliaris
C l i l h fl ll t
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http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf98106/98106htm/ht-015.gif
Colonial choanoflagellatesBacteriofages (Ross Sea)
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Foraminifera (calcareous all latitudes)
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Radiolaria:spherical, amoeboid cells with silicacapsule; 50 m to several mm; contribute to silicaooze sediments, feed on bacteria, small phyto- and
zooplankton; cold water and deep-sea
Ciliates:feed on bacteria, phytoplankton, HNF;naked forms more abundant but hard to study
(delicate!); tintinnids: sub-group of ciliates withvase-like external shell made of protein;herbivores
Protists: Protozooplankton
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Figure 3.21b
Radiolarians (siliceous low latitudes)
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http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/
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https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0308/5a
Live Radiolarian
H l l k
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Holoplankton
CopepodsPlanktonic crustaceans
I b H l l k
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Cnidaria:primitive group of metazoans; some
holoplanktonic, others have benthis stages;carnivorous (crustaceans, fish); long tentaclescarry nematocysts used to inject venoms intoprey; box jellyfish of Australia kills humans withinminutes
Medusae: single organisms, few mm to severalmeters Siphonophores: colonies of animals with
specialization: feeding polyps, reproductivepolyps, swimming polyps; Physalia physalis(Portuguese man-of-war), common in tropicalwaters, Gulf of Mexico, drifted by the wind andbelong to the pleuston (live on top of watersurface)
Invertebrate Holoplankton
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Cnidaria (medusae)
C id i ( d )
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Cnidaria (medusae)
Cnidaria (siphonophora)
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p p
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Ctenophores:separate phylum, do not belong toCnidaria; transparent organisms, swimm with fusedcilia; no nematocysts; prey on zooplankton, fish
eggs, sometimes small fish; important to fisheriesdue to grazing on fish eggs and competition forfish food
Chaetognaths: arrow worms, carnivorous,
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Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
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Ctenophora (comb jellies)
I t b t H l l kt
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Invertebrate Holoplankton
Mollusca: Heteropods: small group of pelagicrelatives of snails, snail footdeveloped into a single fin; good
eyes, visual predators Pteropods: snail foot developed into
paired wings; suspension feeder produce large mucous nets tocapture prey; carbonate shellsproduce pteropod ooze on sea floor
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Heteropod (Predates on Ctenophores)
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Pteropod http://www.mbari.org/expeditions/
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Protochordate Holoplankton
Appendicularia: group of Chordata, live ingelatinous balloons (house) that are periodicallyabandoned; empty houses provide valuable carbonsource for bacteria and help to form marine snow;filter feeders of nanoplankton
Salps or Tunicates:group of Chordata, mostlywarm water; typically barrel-form, filter feeders;occur in swarms, which can wipe the water clean of
nanoplankton; large fecal bands, transport ofnano- and picoplankton to deep-sea; single orcolonies
Appendicularia
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Appendicularia
Pelagic Salps
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Pelagic Salps
Arthropoda: crustacean zooplankton
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Arthropoda: crustacean zooplankton
Cladocera (water fleas): six marine species (Podon
spp., Evadnespp.), one brackish water species in theBaltic Sea; fast reproduction by parthenogenesis(without males and egg fertilization) and pedogenesis(young embryos initiate parthenogenetic reproductionbefore hatching)
Amphipoda:less abundant in pelagic environment,common genus Themisto; frequently found onsiphonophores, medusae, ctenophores, salps
Euphausiida:krill; 15-100 mm, pronounced verticalmigration; not plankton sensu strictu; visual predators,fast swimmers, often undersampled because theyescape plankton nets; important as prey for commercialfish (herring, mackerel, salmon, tuna) and whales
(Antarctica)
Amphipoda
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Amphipoda (parasites of gelatinous plankton)
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http://www.imagequest3d.com/catalogue/deepsea/images/l038_jpg.jpg
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Euphasids (krill)
Importance of krill
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Importance of krillin Antarctic foodweb
Arthropoda: crustacean zooplankton
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Arthropoda: crustacean zooplankton Copepoda:most abundant zooplankton in the oceans,
insects of the sea; herbivorous, carnivorous andomnivorous species
Calanoida:most of marine planktonic species Cyclopoida:most of freshwater planktonic species
Harpacticoida:mostly benthic/near-bottom species
Copepod development: first six larval stages = nauplius(pl. nauplii), followed by six copepodit stages (CI to
CVI)
Tropical species distinct by their long antennae andsetae on antennae and legs (podi)
C d
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Copepods
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http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/
Herbivorous zooplankton: Grazers
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Herbivorous zooplankton: Grazers
Vertical Distribution
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Epipelagic: upper 200-300 m water column; high diversity, mostly smalland transparent organisms; many herbivores
Mesopelagic = 300 1000 m; larger than epipelagic relatives; largeforms of gelatinous zooplankton (jellyfish, appendicularians) due to lackof wave action; some larger species (krill) partly herbivorous withnightly migration into epipelagic regimes
Oxygen Minimum Zone: 400 800 m depth, accumulation of fecalmaterial due to density gradient, attract high bacterial growth, which inturn attracts many bacterial and larger grazers; strong respirationreduces O2 content from 4-6 mg l-1 to < 2 mg l-1
Bathypelagic: 1000 3000 m depth, many dark red colored, smaller eyes
Abyssopelagic: > 3000 m depth, low diversity and low abundance
Demersal or epibenthic: live near or temporarily on the seafloor; mostlycrustaceans (shrimp and mysids) and fish
Diel Vertical Migration
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Diel Vertical Migration DAILY (diel) vertical migrations over
distances of 800 m
Nocturnal:single daily ascent beginningat sunset, and single daily descent
beginning at sunrise
Twilight:two ascents and descents perday (one each assoc. with each twilight
period) Reversed:single ascent to surface
during day, and descent to max. depthduring night
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Scattering Layer
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g y
Horizontal distribution: patchiness
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Horizontal distribution: patchiness
Exotic Planktonic species
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Exot c Plankton c spec es
New England Ctenophore Black Sea
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Water Tank Ballast
HoloplanktonMeroplankton
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Black Sea Ballast Invasions
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Black Sea Ballast InvasionsMnemiopsis
Black Sea Ballast Invasions
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Black Sea Ballast InvasionsMnemiopsis
Beroe ovata
European Green Crab Carcinus maenas
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European Green rab arc nus maenas
References
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Carcinus_maenas_range.pnghttp://www.dfw.state.or.us/MRP/shellfish/crab/large_images/Green-crab_SG_large.gif7/22/2019 Zooplankton Session i
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References
http://www.bayjournal.com/95-03/zooplank.htm
http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills
Many links to each group when typinggroup name
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