FOR OFFICIAL USE
Total
Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.
Day Month Year Number of seat Scottish candidate number
PB
X043/12/01
*X043/12/01* ©
GEOLOGYHIGHER
1 This paper consists of three sections, A, B and C. You are advised to spend about 1 hour on Section A, half an hour on Section B and 1 hour on Section C.
2 You should attempt all of the questions in Sections A and C and only one question in Section B.
3 All answers should be written in the spaces provided in this answer book and should be written clearly and legibly in ink.
4 The marks allocated to each question or part of a question are shown at the end of each question or part of a question.
5 Additional space for answers or rough work will be found at the end of this book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this booklet. You should draw a line through anything which you do not wish the examiner to mark.
6 Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
Full name of centre Town
Forename(s) Surname
Date of birth
N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 5
W E D N E S D A Y , 2 7 M A Y1 . 0 0 P M – 3 . 3 0 P M
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
SECTION A
All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.
1. The field sketch below shows the rocks and structures exposed in a road cutting.
Page two
Marks
Conglomerate Siltstone
Coarse sandstone Rock P
Limestone Rock Q
Rock R Shale
Breccia Schist
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page three
Marks
3
1. (continued)
The thin sections shown below were made from three of the rocks found in the road cutting.
Rock P Rock Q Rock R
Plagioclase
MicroclinePyroxene Plagioclase
Quartz
Cement
2 mm2 mm0 5mm
Biotite
OrthoclaseMicrocline
Quartz
(a) Name rocks P, Q and R and give a reason for your choice.
Rock P
Reason
Rock Q
Reason
Rock R
Reason
[Turn over
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
3
Page four
1. (continued)
(b) Which three statements are correct?
A Rock Q is older than Rock P.
B There are three unconformities shown.
C The conglomerate and the coarse sandstone show overlap.
D There are two normal faults and one thrust fault.
E Two unconformities are shown.
F Rock P is older than Rock Q.
G The conglomerate and coarse sandstone show offlap.
H There are two reverse faults and one normal fault.
Give only the letters , and
Large numbers of fossil bivalves of the one species were found in the shale. Measurements of bivalve length were made.
Field sketch of bivalves found in loose shale block.
Bivalves of the same species
Layering in shale
Graph of length of bivalves in sample.
Number
shortLength
long
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
2
Page five
1. (continued)
(c) Do the bivalves form a life or death assemblage?
Give two reasons for your answer.
Reason 1
Reason 2
[Turn over
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
2
2. Study the sketch of a graveyard below.
Granite Limestone
(a) Choose the correct two statements.
A The date on the granite gravestone is still clear because granite is usually composed of minerals which weather rapidly.
B The solution of the limestone gravestone by weak acids has led to the lettering being difficult to read.
C Solution is a major process of physical weathering.
D Hydration and hydrolysis are major processes of physical weathering.
E Water is essential in all weathering.
F Spheroidal weathering of basaltic rock is a result of carbonation.
Give only the letters and
Page six
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
[X043/12/01]
Marks
3
2
2. (continued)
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram(s) explain the process of frost shattering and the formation of scree slopes.
Space for diagram(s)
(c) Give two reasons why olivine, pyroxene and amphibole are rarely found in clastic sedimentary rocks.
[Turn over
Page seven
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
3. The table below shows information about the pressures and the temperatures at which a basic rock begins to melt.
Pressure—megapascals (MPa) Temperature (degrees Celsius)
0 1080
100 1087
200 1094
300 1101
400 1108
500 1115
600 1122
700 1129
800 1136
900 1143
1000 1150
(a) (i) Plot the information from the table onto the graph below.
(Information about the pressures and temperatures at which melting is complete has already been plotted on the graph).
Temperature ºC
Pre
ssu
re (
MP
a)
1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 13000
Marks
1
Page eight
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
[X043/12/01]
3. (a) (continued)
(ii) Describe the relationship shown for the data you have plotted.
(iii) Label the three areas on the graph to show the following.
A — Solid and liquid
B — Solid only
C — Liquid only
(b) Explain what causes partial melting of a mid ocean ridge.
[Turn over
Page nine
Marks
1
1
2
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
[X043/12/01]
Marks
3
4. Complete the table below which shows the chemical names of ore minerals. Choose the correct term from the word bank.
Iron and chromium oxide, bauxite, native copper, copper and iron sulphide, iron oxide,
galena, cassiterite, magnetite, siderite, hydrated copper carbonate
Ore mineral Chemical name
Chalcopyrite
Malachite
Lead sulphide
Iron carbonate
Tin oxide
Chromite
Page ten
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
2
2
2
Page eleven
5. Study the diagram of a plate boundary below.
MAGNETIC STRIPES OF NORMAL AND REVERSE POLARITY
sediments sediments
SEA LEVEL
ocean crust
UPPER MANTLE
(a) If the ocean has widened by 1200 km over the last 75 million years, calculate the mean rate of sea-floor spreading in centimetres per year.
Space for working
Answer cm/year
(b) Oceanic surveys in the 1950s revealed a surprising pattern of positive and negative magnetic anomalies as indicated on the diagram above.
Explain how this pattern is produced.
(c) Explain two possible mechanisms for plate movement.
[Turn over
[X043/12/01]
6. Study the section through a constructive and destructive plate margin below
A Continent
Earthquake focus
Upper mantle
A
B
C
D
F
E
(a) Identify features A–F.
Choose from: lithospheric mantle, basic magma, ridge, regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, intermediate/acidic magma, oceanic crust, Wadati-Benioff zone.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Page twelve
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
3
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page thirteen
Marks
2
6. (continued)
(b) Describe two processes which could lead to the composition of Magma F changing as it rises through the continental crust. (You may wish to use diagrams.)
Process 1
Process 2
[Turn over
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
7. Samples of sandstone, shale and siltstone were collected, dried and cut into cubes of side 5 cm. Each cube was immersed in water until their pore spaces were completely filled
The table below shows the total volume of water absorbed with time for each sample.
Time (minutes)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total volume of water absorbed
cm3
0·0 7·0 13·0 18·5 22·5 25·0 25·0 Sample A
0·0 16·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 25·0 Sample B
0·0 0·6 1·1 1·5 1·8 2·0 2·2 Sample C
(a) (i) Draw a line graph to show the total volume of water absorbed against time for rock sample A.
Tot
al v
olu
me
of w
ater
(cm
3 )
Time (minutes)
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
20
10
0
Page fourteen
Marks
2
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page fifteen
Marks
1
2
1
7. (a) (continued)
(ii) Find the porosity of rock B using the relationship:
porosity =
volume of water absorbed
volume of rock cube × 100.
Space for working
Answer %
(b) (i) Which one of the three rocks (sandstone, shale, siltstone) matches with sample B? Give a reason for your answer.
(You may wish to use diagrams.)
Space for diagrams (if used).
Answer
Reason
(ii) Which sample has the lowest permeability? Give a reason for your answer.
Sample
Reason
Section A: Total (40) marks
[Turn over
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
6
6
3
(15)
(15)
8
5
2
(15)
SECTION B
This section consists of three questions. Only ONE question should be attempted. Fifteen marks are allocated to this section.
Candidates should write their answer on pages 17, 18, 19 and 20.
Additional space for answers may be found at the end of this book.
8. Write an essay on earthquakes and the internal structure of the Earth.
Credit will be given for the use of diagrams.
Give details as follows.
(a) Causes of earthquakes and types of earthquake waves
(b) How earthquake waves are used to determine the internal structure of the Earth
(c) Other evidence that is used to determine the composition of the internal layers of the Earth
9. Give an account of the geology of an area you have studied.
Maps and diagrams must be used.
Give details as follows.
• Name and location of the area
• Rock types present
• Geological features and structures, eg folds, faults and sedimentary structures
• Methods of establishing the relative ages of the rocks, eg cross cutting relationships, way up criteria, unconformity, etc
• Any other relevant information
10. Write an essay on metamorphism.
Credit will be given for the use of maps and diagrams.
Give details as follows.
(a) Regional metamorphism mentioning processes, tectonic setting, rock types, structures, metamorphic grades and metamorphic zones
(b) Contact metamorphism on country rocks around large igneous intrusions
(c) Dynamic metamorphism
NOW GO TO SECTION C ON PAGE TWENTY-ONE
Page sixteen
Section B: Total (15) marks
SPACE FOR ANSWERS
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page seventeen [Turn over
SPACE FOR ANSWERS
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page eighteen
SPACE FOR ANSWERS
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page nineteen [Turn over
SPACE FOR ANSWERS
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Page twenty
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
3
SECTION C
All questions in this section should be attempted. Forty marks are allocated to this section.
11. Examine the photograph below of vesicular andesite.
White mineral
Pink mineral
The white crystalline mineral scratched a steel blade and had no reaction with acid.
Identify the mineral, and explain how the vesicles can form in lava.
Page twenty-one [Turn over
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
2
12. Examine the photograph below.
Grey layer
Grey layer
Acidic micro dyke
Suggest why the grey layer is displaced either side of the dyke.
Page twenty-two
[X043/12/01] Page twenty-three
[Turn over for Question 13 on Page twenty-four
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
1
2
2
6
2
2
13. Study the map (on the separate worksheet) and answer the questions based on it.
(a) How many unconformities are shown?
Answer
(b) On which side of the fault have the rocks moved up? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
Reason
(c) Place the letter “M” on the map where ore minerals may have been formed by metasomatism. Explain why you chose this area
(d) On the topographic profile on the separate worksheet, draw a geological section between points X and Y on the map.
(e) Which two statements are correct? Give letters only.
A The folded rocks form an overfold.
B The dolerite forms a sill.
C Fault F is a tear fault.
D The granite has metamorphosed the dolerite.
E The granite may contain xenoliths of the siltstone.
F The gneiss has been folded.
Give only the letters and
(f) Suggest why the width of the metamorphic aureole varies around the granite.
Page twenty-four
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
1
6
13. (continued)
(g) Which of the following statements best describes the isolated outcrop of arkose sandstone?
A Inlier
B Overlier
C Outlier
D Isolier
Give only the letter
(h) Place the geological events of this map in the correct order by inserting the correct letters from the list below.
The events in this table are not in the correct order.
A Deposition of arkose
B Intrusion of dolerite and basalt
C Folding
D Intrusion of granite
E Formation of gneiss
F Tilting
G Faulting
H Deposition of limestone, mudstone and conglomerate
I Deposition of siltstone
(Give only the letters)
YOUNGEST
F
G
C
OLDEST
Page twenty-five [Turn over
[X043/12/01] Page twenty-six
14. Part of the outcrop of a bed of sandstone is shown on the map below.
F
600
600
600700
500
500
500
400
300
300
300A
200m
B20
0m
200
200
200
400
400
D
C
E
FK
eyB
oreh
ole
Ou
tcro
p o
f co
al s
eam
Fau
lt
Su
rfac
e co
nto
urs
wit
h h
eigh
t in
met
res
San
dst
one
0 50
0 10
00
m
etre
s
N
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
Marks
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
14. (continued)
North of the Fault
(a) Complete the outcrop of the sandstone on the north side of the fault.
(b) North of the fault, a constantly dipping coal seam has been found in boreholes A and B at depths shown and at the surface at C.
(i) Draw structure contours across the whole of the map for the coal seam and number them North of the fault.
(ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam North of the fault.
(iii) What is the angle and direction of dip of the coal seam?
Angle of dip
Direction of dip
Space for working
South of the Fault
(c) (i) Number the structure contours South of the fault.
(ii) Draw the outcrop of the coal seam south of the fault.
(iii) At what depth from the surface will the coal seam be found in borehole E?
metres
(d) Shade the area where the coal seam will not be found beneath the surface.
[END OF QUESTION PAPER]
Page twenty-seven
Section C: Total (40) marks
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR FOR ROUGH WORK
Page twenty-eight
[X043/12/01]
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR FOR ROUGH WORK
Page twenty-nine
[X043/12/01] Page thirty
DO NOT WRITE
IN THIS MARGIN
SPACE FOR ANSWERS OR FOR ROUGH WORK
[BLANK PAGE]
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
[BLANK PAGE]
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
FOR OFFICIAL USE
Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.
Day Month Year Number of seat Scottish candidate number
PB
X043/12/11
*X043/12/11* ©
GEOLOGYHIGHERWorksheet for Question 13
To be inserted inside the front cover of the candidate’s answer book and returned with it.
Full name of centre Town
Forename(s) Surname
Date of birth
N A T I O N A LQ U A L I F I C A T I O N S2 0 1 5
W E D N E S D A Y , 2 7 M A Y1 . 0 0 P M – 3 . 3 0 P M
[X043/12/11] Page two
Worksheet Q13
NXY
8
F
4040
5555
40
40
0 50
0
met
res
40
[X043/12/11] Page three
[END OF WORKSHEET]
Wor
ksh
eet
Q13
(d)
arko
se
san
dst
one
silt
ston
e
con
glom
erat
e
dol
erit
e
gran
ite
bas
alt
mu
dst
one
gnei
ss
lim
esto
ne
met
amor
ph
ic
aure
ole
dir
ecti
ons
of s
trik
e an
d d
ip w
ith
dip
in
deg
rees
fau
lt
hor
izon
tal s
trat
a
XY
F
50
[BLANK PAGE]
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
Top Related