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Accuracy
While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola, Inc. assumes no liability resulting from anyinaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from use of the information obtained herein. Motorola, Inc. reserves the right to make
changes to any products described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this document and tomake changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any person of revisions or changes. Motorola, Inc. does notassume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product, software, or circuit described herein; neither does it convey licenseunder its patent rights or the rights of others. It is possible that this publication may contain references to, or information about Motorola
products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information mustnot be construed to mean that Motorola intends to announce such Motorola products, programming, or services in your country.
Copyrights
This document, Motorola products, and 3rd Party Software products described in this document may include or describe copyrightedMotorola and other 3rd Party supplied computer programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States andother countries preserve for Motorola, its licensors, and other 3rd Party supplied software certain exclusive rights for copyrighted material,including the exclusive right to copy, reproduce in any form, distribute and make derivative works of the copyrighted material.Accordingly, any copyrighted material of Motorola, its licensors, or the 3rd Party software supplied material contained in the Motorolaproducts described in this document may not be copied, reproduced, reverse engineered, distributed, merged or modified in any mannerwithout the express written permission of Motorola. Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant eitherdirectly or by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of Motorola or other 3rdParty supplied software, except for the normal non-exclusive, royalty free license to use that arises by operation of law in the sale of aproduct.
A list of 3rd Party supplied software copyrights are contained in the Supplemental information section of this document.
RestrictionsSoftware and documentation are copyrighted materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by law. No part of the software ordocumentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computerlanguage, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of Motorola, Inc.
License Agreements
The software described in this document is the property of Motorola, Inc and its licensors. It is furnished by express license agreement onlyand may be used only in accordance with the terms of such an agreement.
High Risk Materials
Components, units, or 3rd Party products used in the product described herein are NOT fault-tolerant and are NOT designed, manufactured,or intended for use as on-line control equipment in the following hazardous environments requiring fail-safe controls: the operation ofNuclear Facilities, Aircraft Navigation or Aircraft Communication Systems, Air Traffic Control, Life Support, or Weapons Systems (HighRisk Activities). Motorola and its supplier(s) specifically disclaim any expressed or implied warranty of fitness for such High RiskActivities.
Trademarks
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are theproperty of their respective owners.
The CE mark confirms Motorola, Inc. statement of compliance with EU directives applicable to this product. Copies of the Declaration ofCompliance and installation information in accordance with the requirements of EN50385 can be obtained from the local Motorolarepresentative or by contacting the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC). The 24hour telephone numbers are listed athttps://mynetworksupport.motorola.com.Select Customer Network Resolution Center contact information. Alternatively if you do not haveaccess to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.
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An Introduction to WiMAX
Contents
List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13
WiMAX System Level Overview..............................................................................................17
Revision History ......................................................................................................................17
Version information..............................................................................................................17
General information.................................................................................................................18
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18
Cross references .................................................................................................................18
Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19
24 hour support....................................................................................................................19
Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19
Errors...................................................................................................................................19
Security Advice........................................................................................................................20
Warnings, cautions, and notes................................................................................................20
Warnings..............................................................................................................................20
Cautions...............................................................................................................................20
Notes ...................................................................................................................................20
Safety ......................................................................................................................................21
General safety .....................................................................................................................21
Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21
Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22
In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22
In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22
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CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23
Motorola document set............................................................................................................24
Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24
Document banner definitions...............................................................................................24
Data encryption....................................................................................................................24
Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24
Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24
An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25
WiMAX Defined.......................................................................................................................26
Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27
Broadband Wireless Access................................................................................................28
WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access...................................................................................29
Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30
WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31
WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32
WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33
Capacity...............................................................................................................................34
WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35
IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36
WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38
WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39
WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40
WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41
WiMAX Topology.................................................................................................................42
WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43
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WiMAX Access Network......................................................................................................44
Logical Elements of the NSP...............................................................................................45
Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47
Logical Elements of the ASN...............................................................................................48
ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49
CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50
Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51
Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52
Logical Elements of the CPE...............................................................................................54
WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55
WiMAX End-to-End Architecture.............................................................................................56
Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57
Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58
WiMAX Air Interface................................................................................................................59
Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ...........................................................................60
Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61
Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62
Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63
Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64
TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65
Modulation Schemes...........................................................................................................67
WiMAX End-to-End QoS.........................................................................................................68
QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69
QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70
Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71
Availability............................................................................................................................72
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WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73
Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74
MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75
Function of the MAC Layer..................................................................................................76
OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77
Mobile WiMAX.....................................................................................................................78
Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80
Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81
Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82
Connections.........................................................................................................................83
Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85
Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85
Access Point Components...................................................................................................87
BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88
BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90
Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93
Smart Antenna Access Point...............................................................................................94
Ground-Based Access Point................................................................................................96
Carrier Access Point Controller...............................................................................................98
CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100
CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100
Foreign Agent Router............................................................................................................101
Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103
Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104
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Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series ..............................................................................104
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 300 Series ..............................................................................106
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 600 Series..............................................................................108
Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series.............................................................................110
PC Card .............................................................................................................................111
Network Management ...........................................................................................................112
Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112
Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114
Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116
Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117
Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118
References............................................................................................................................120
List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13
WiMAX System Level Overview..............................................................................................17
Revision History ......................................................................................................................17
Version information..............................................................................................................17
General information.................................................................................................................18
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18
Cross references .................................................................................................................18
Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19
24 hour support....................................................................................................................19
Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19
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Errors ...................................................................................................................................19
Security Advice........................................................................................................................20
Warnings, cautions, and notes ................................................................................................20
Warnings..............................................................................................................................20
Cautions...............................................................................................................................20
Notes ...................................................................................................................................20
Safety ......................................................................................................................................21
General safety .....................................................................................................................21
Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21
Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22
In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22
In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22
CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23
Motorola document set............................................................................................................24
Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24
Document banner definitions ...............................................................................................24
Data encryption....................................................................................................................24
Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24
Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24
An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25
WiMAX Defined .......................................................................................................................26
Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27
Broadband Wireless Access...............................................................................................28
WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access...................................................................................29
Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30
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WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31
WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32
WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33
Capacity...............................................................................................................................34
WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35
IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36
WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38
WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39
WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40
WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41
WiMAX Topology .................................................................................................................42
WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43
WiMAX Access Network .....................................................................................................44
Logical Elements of the NSP...............................................................................................45
Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47
Logical Elements of the ASN...............................................................................................48
ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49
CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50
Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51
Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52
Logical Elements of the CPE...............................................................................................54
WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55
WiMAX End-to-End Architecture .............................................................................................56
Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57
Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58
WiMAX Air Interface................................................................................................................59
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Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ..........................................................................60
Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61
Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62
Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63
Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64
TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65
Modulation Schemes ...........................................................................................................67
WiMAX End-to-End QoS........................................................................................................68
QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69
QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70
Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71
Availability...........................................................................................................................72
WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73
Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74
MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75
Function of the MAC Layer ..................................................................................................76
OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77
Mobile WiMAX .....................................................................................................................78
Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80
Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81
Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82
Connections.........................................................................................................................83
Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85
Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85
Access Point Components...................................................................................................87
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BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88
BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90
Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93
Smart Antenna Access Point ...............................................................................................94
Ground-Based Access Point ...............................................................................................96
Carrier Access Point Controller ...............................................................................................98
CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100
CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100
Foreign Agent Router ............................................................................................................101
Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103
Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series ..............................................................................104
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 300 Series ..............................................................................106
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 600 Series ..............................................................................108
Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series.............................................................................110
PC Card .............................................................................................................................111
Network Management ...........................................................................................................112
Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112
Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114
Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116
Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117
Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118
References ............................................................................................................................120
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L is t o f F i g u r e s
Figure 1 WiMAX .............................................................................................................26
Figure 2 Broadband Access .........................................................................................27
Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access .........................................................................28
Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access ..........................................................29
Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison ..................................................................30
Figure 6 WiMAX Supports ............................................................................................31
Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments .....................................................................................32
Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers .......................................................................................33
Figure 9 Network Speeds .............................................................................................34
Figure 10 Standards Organizations.............................................................................35
Figure 11 IEEE 802 .......................................................................................................36
Figure 12 IEEE 802.16 ..................................................................................................37
Figure 14 WiMAX IEEE802.16 .................................................................................38
Figure 15 WiMAX Forum ..............................................................................................39
Figure 16 WiMAX Profiles.............................................................................................40
Figure 17 Standards Development..............................................................................41
Figure 18 WiMAX Topology..........................................................................................42
Figure 19 Parts of a WiMAX Network .........................................................................43
Figure 20 WiMAX Access Network .............................................................................44
Figure 21 NSP ................................................................................................................45
Figure 22 CSN ................................................................................................................47
Figure 23 ASN ................................................................................................................48
Figure 24 ASN Gateway Components ........................................................................49
Figure 25 CAPC .............................................................................................................50
Figure 26 Foreign Agent ...............................................................................................51
Figure 27 AP Functions.................................................................................................52
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Figure 28 ASN Gateway Device Limitations ..............................................................53
Figure 29 CPE ................................................................................................................54
Figure 30 WiMAX CPE..................................................................................................55
Figure 31 WiMAX End-to-End......................................................................................56
Figure 32 Network Element Functions........................................................................57
Figure 33 Network Reference Model ..........................................................................58
Figure 34 Air Interface ...................................................................................................59
Figure 35 NLOS .............................................................................................................60
Figure 36 WiMAX Operating Frequency.....................................................................61
Figure 37 WiMAX Channel Bandwidth .......................................................................62
Figure 38 Channel Direction .........................................................................................63
Figure 39 FDD/TDD.......................................................................................................64
Figure 40 Frame Structure............................................................................................65
Figure 41 Modulation .....................................................................................................66
Figure 42 Modulation Schemes ...................................................................................67
Figure 43 End-to-End QoS ...........................................................................................68
Figure 44 QoS Types ....................................................................................................69
Figure 45 QoS ................................................................................................................70
Figure 46 Service Flows................................................................................................71
Figure 47 Availability .....................................................................................................72
Figure 48 OSI Layer 1 & 2 ............................................................................................73
Figure 49 Layer 1 ...........................................................................................................74
Figure 50 Layer 2 ...........................................................................................................75
Figure 51 MAC Layer....................................................................................................76
Figure 52 Layer 3 ...........................................................................................................77
Figure 53 Mobility...........................................................................................................78
Figure 54 Cell Site Organization ..................................................................................79
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Figure 55 Neighbor Lists ...............................................................................................80
Figure 56 Handover.......................................................................................................81
Figure 57 Network Entry ...............................................................................................82
Figure 58 Connections ..................................................................................................83
Figure 59 Connection Types ........................................................................................84
Figure 60 DAP, GAP, SAAP.........................................................................................85
Figure 61 AP Components ...........................................................................................87
Figure 62 BCU Cabinet .................................................................................................89
Figure 63 BCU II.............................................................................................................91
Figure 64 DAP ................................................................................................................93
Figure 65 SAAP..............................................................................................................94
Figure 66 DAP/SAAP Specifications...........................................................................95
Figure 67 Outdoor GAP ................................................................................................96
Figure 68 GAP Specifications ......................................................................................97
Figure 69 CAPC functions ............................................................................................98
Figure 70 CAPC Chassis ..............................................................................................99
Figure 71 CAPC Capacities........................................................................................100
Figure 72 CAPC Specifications..................................................................................100
Figure 73 FA .................................................................................................................101
Figure 74 L2 Switch .....................................................................................................102
Figure 75 CPEi 150 .....................................................................................................104
Figure 76 CPEi 150 Specifications ............................................................................105
Figure 77 CPEi 300 .....................................................................................................106
Figure 78 CPEi 300 Specifications ............................................................................107
Figure 79 CPEi 600 .....................................................................................................108
Figure 80 CPEi 600 Specifications ............................................................................109
Figure 81 CPEo 400 Specifications...........................................................................110
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Figure 82 PC Card Specifications .............................................................................111
Figure 83 WIMAX EMS ...............................................................................................113
Figure 84 Search CPE icon ........................................................................................114
Figure 85 WiMAX DMS...............................................................................................115
Figure 86 Typical L2 Switch EMS..............................................................................116
Figure 87 Typical Router EMS ...................................................................................117
Figure 88 WiMAX NMS ...............................................................................................119
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W iMAX Sy s t em L ev e l Ov e r v i ew
R e v i s i o n H i s t o r y
Version information
The following shows the issue status of this document since it was first released.
Issue Date of issue Remarks
1 Mar 2008 Initial release, update to WMX 2.5
2 Apr 2008 Manual corrections
3 Apr 2008 Manual updated to include Network Montoring
4 August 2008 Manual corrections
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Ge n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n
Purpose
Motorola cellular communications documents are intended to instruct and assist personnel in the operation,
installation and maintenance of the Motorola cellular infrastructure equipment and ancillary devices. It isrecommended that all personnel engaged in such activities be properly trained by Motorola.
Motorola disclaims all liability whatsoever, implied or express, for any risk of damage, loss or reduction in
system performance arising directly or indirectly out of the failure of the customer, or anyone acting on thecustomer's behalf, to abide by the instructions, system parameters, or recommendations made in this
document.
These documents are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered by Motorola. Theycan be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gained through such training.
If this document was obtained when attending a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If it was
supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major software release, thencorrections are supplied automatically by Motorola and posted on the Motorola customer
website.
Cross references
References to external publications are shown in italics. Other cross references, emphasized in blue text inelectronic versions, are active links to the references.
This document is divided into numbered chapters that are divided into sections. Sections are not numbered,
but are individually named at the top of each page, and are listed in the table of contents.Text conventions
The following conventions are used in the Motorola cellular infrastructure documents to represent keyboard
input text, screen output text and special key sequences.
InputCharacters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.
Items of interest within a command appear like this.
Output
Messages, prompt s, f i l e l i st i ngs, di r ectori es, ut i l i t i es, and envi r onment alvar i abl es t hat appear on t he screen are shown l i ke t hi s.
I t ems of i nt er est wi t hi n a screen di spl ay appear l i ke t hi s.
Special key sequences
Special key sequences are represented as follows:
CRTL-cor
CTRL+C
Press the Ctrl and C keys at the same time.
CTRL-SHIFT-c orCTRL+SHIFT+C
Press the Ctrl, Shift, and C keys at the same time.
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ALT-forALT+F Press the Alt and F keys at the same time.
ALT+SHIFT+F11 Press the Alt, Shift, and F11 keys at the same time.
| Press the pipe symbol key.
RETURNorENTER
Press the Return or Enter key.
Contacting Motorola
Motorola appreciates feedback from the users of our documents.
24 hour support
If you have problems regarding the operation of your equipment, please contact the Customer NetworkResolution Center (CNRC) for immediate assistance. The 24-hour telephone numbers are listed at
https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com. Select Customer Network Resolution Center contact information.Alternatively if you do not have access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.
Questions and comments
Send questions and comments regarding user documentation to the email address: [email protected].
Errors
To report a documentation error, call the CNRC (Customer Network Resolution Center) and provide the
following information to enable CNRC to open an SR (Service Request):
the document type
the document title, part number, and revision character
the page number(s) with the error
a detailed description of the error and if possible the proposed solution
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Se c u r i t y A d v i ce
Motorola systems and equipment provide security parameters that can be configured by the operator based
on their particular operating environment. Motorola recommends setting and using these parametersfollowing industry recognized security practices. Security aspects to be considered are protecting the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and assets. Assets include the ability to
communicate, information about the nature of the communications, and information about the partiesinvolved.
In certain instances Motorola makes specific recommendations regarding security practices, however theimplementation of these recommendations and final responsibility for the security of the system lies with the
operator of the system.
Please contact the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC) for assistance. The 24 hour telephone
numbers are listed at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com/. Select Customer Network Resolution Centercontact information, from the menu located to the left of the Login box. Alternatively if you do not have
access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola Office.
W a r n i n g s , c au t i o n s , a n d n o t e s
The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this document and in all documents of thisMotorola document set.
Warnings
Warnings precede instructions that contain potentially hazardous situations. Warnings are used to alert thereader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life or physical injury. A warning has the following format:
Warning text and consequence for not following the instructions in thewarning.
Cautions
Cautions precede instructions and are used when there is a possibility of damage to systems, software, or
individual items of equipment within a system. However, this damage presents no danger to personnel. A
caution has the following format:
Caution text and consequence for not following the instructions in the caution.
Notes
A note means that there is a possibility of an undesirable situation or provides additional information to helpthe reader understand a topic or concept. A note has the following format:
Note text.
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Sa f e t y
General safety
The following general safety guidelines apply to Motorola equipment:
The power jack and mating plug of the power cable must meet International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) safety standards.
Refer to Grounding Guideline for Cellular Radio Installations 68P81150E62.
Power down or unplug the equipment before servicing.
Using non-Motorola parts for repair could damage the equipment or void warranty. Contact Motorola
Warranty and Repair for service and repair instructions.
Portions of Motorola equipment may be damaged from exposure to electrostatic discharge. Use precautions
to prevent damage.
Electromagnetic energy
Relevant standards (USA and EC) applicable when working with RF equipment are::ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio
Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Council recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public toelectromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) (1999/519/EC) and respective national regulations.
Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004on the minimum healthand safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents
(electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive89/391/EEC).
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Ca r i n g f o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t
The following information describes national or regional requirements for the disposal of Motorola supplied
equipment and for the approved disposal of surplus packaging.
Contact the Customer Network Resolution Center (CNRC) for assistance. The 24hour telephone numbers
are listed at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com.Select Customer Network Resolution Center contactinformation. Alternatively if you do not have access to CNRC or the internet, contact the Local Motorola
Office.
In EU countries
The following information is provided to enable regulatory compliance with the European Union (EU)
directives identified and any amendments made to these directives when using Motorola equipment in EUcountries.
Disposal of Motorola equipment
European Union (EU) Directive 2002/96/EC Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
Do not dispose of Motorola equipment in landfill sites. In the EU, Motorola in conjunction with a recyclingpartner ensures that equipment is collected and recycled according to the requirements of EU environmental
law.
Disposal of surplus packaging
Do not dispose of surplus packaging in landfill sites. In the EU, it is the individual recipients responsibilityto ensure that packaging materials are collected and recycled according to the requirements of EUenvironmental law.
In non-EU countriesIn non-EU countries, dispose of Motorola Networks equipment and all surplus packaging in accordance withnational and regional regulations.
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CMM l a b e l i n g a n d d i sc lo s u r e t a b l e
The Peoples Republic of China require that our products comply with China Management Methods (CMM)environmental regulations. (China Management Methods refers to the regulation Management Methods forControlling Pollution by Electronic Information Products.) Two items are used to demonstrate compliance; thelabel and the disclosure table.
The label is placed in a customer visible position on the product.
Logo 1 means the product contains no substances in excess of the maximum concentration value for materialsidentified in the China Management Methods regulation.
Logo 2 means that the product may contain substances in excess of the maximum concentration value for
materials identified in the China Management Methods regulation, and has an Environmental
Friendly Use Period (EFUP) in years, fifty years in the example shown.
Logo 1 Logo 2
The Environmental Friendly Use Period (EFUP) is the period (in years) during which the Toxic and
Hazardous Substances (T&HS) contained in the Electronic Information Product (EIP) will not leak or
mutate causing environmental pollution, or bodily injury from the use of the EIP. The EFUP indicated bythe Logo 2 label applies to a product and all its parts. Certain field-replaceable parts, such as battery
modules, can have a different EFUP and are marked separately.
The Disclosure table is intended only to communicate compliance with China requirements. It is not intended
to communicate compliance with EU RoHS or any other environmentalrequirements.
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M o t o r o l a d o cu m e n t s e t
The Motorola document sets provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain the Motorola
equipment.
Ordering documents and CD-ROMsWith internet access available, to view, download, or order documents (original or revised), visit the MotorolaLifecycles Customer web page at https://mynetworksupport.motorola.com/, or contact your Motorola
account representative.
Without internet access available, order hard copy documents or CD-ROMs with your Motorola Local Office
or Representative.
If Motorola changes the content of a document after the original printing date, Motorola publishes a newversion with the same part number but a different revision character.
Document banner definitions
A banner (oversized text on the bottom of the page, for example, PRELIMINARY UNDERDEVELOPMENT) indicates that some information contained in the document is not yet approved forgeneral customer use.
Data encryption
In order to avoid electronic eavesdropping, data passing between certain elements in the network isencrypted. In order to comply with the export and import requirements of particular countries, this
encryption occurs at different levels as individually standardized, or may not be present at all in some partsof the network in which it is normally implemented. The document set, of which this document is a part,covers encryption as if fully implemented. Because the rules differ in individual countries, limitations on the
encryption included in the particular software being delivered, are covered in the Release Notes that
accompany the individual software release.
Th i r d Pa r t y c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e a n d t r a d e m a r k s
Trademarks
Java Technology and/or J2ME : Java and all other Java-based marks are trademarks or registeredtrademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries.
UNIX : UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.
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A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o W iM A X
In this document, we will begin to look at WiMAX technology. This will include the history,
standards, and technologies used in a standard WiMAX deployment.
The information contained in this document is current to Motorola WiMAX release 2.5.
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WiMAX Defined
Figure 1 WiMAX
Today, more and more people are looking for a way to stay connected. Regardless of where they are,
they want access to data, phone service, and a vast range of other services and features. To accomplish
this, a system had to be developed that allowed users to get away from wired systems.
These systems had to be able to support a wide number of users with an incredible capacity. WiMAX is a
system that can move high data rates from the wired to the wireless world. One of its goals is to provide
the last mile of service.
In addition to providing the last mile of service, WiMAX also focuses on providing reliable high-speed
back-haul service.
WiMAX provides the last mile
Wireless Broadband Access
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Broadband Access
Figure 2 Broadband Access
Consumer demand for more and more bandwidth delivered to their homes and offices led to the
development of wireline technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Todays expectation is that
broadband services be delivered at any time and to any place. This has led to the development of
wireless broadband access technologies like WiMAX.
WiMAX uses technology that continues to advance and evolve. With advancements in technology,
WiMAX is able to move broadband data into the wireless world.
WiMAX has evolved from w ireline broadband access networks
DSLNetw
ork
DSLNetw
ork
WiMAXNe
twork
WiMAXNe
twork
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Broadband Wireless Access
Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access
WiMAX is a broadband wireless access network. This standards-based state-of-the-art system is
capable of providing high capacity, high speed and high quality connections over a large coverage area.
Wide area
coverage
Wide area
coverage
Motorola Access Point
High speedHigh speed
High qualityHigh quality
High capacityHigh capacity
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WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access
Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access
WiMAX is classified as a Broadband Wireless Access network. These high-performing networks must
provide a channel bandwidth greater than 1 MHz with a data rate greater than 1.5 mega-bits per second.
High-performing data network
Provides instantaneous bandwidth greater than 1 MHz
Data rates greater than 1.5 Mbps
DAP RF head
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Broadband System Comparison
Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison
Different systems offer different levels of mobility and data bandwidth. WiMAX offers the best of both.
WiMAX has a throughput that is much higher than Wi-Fi, cable, DSL and current cellular 2G and 3G
networks, while providing mobility similar to cellular systems.
Bandwidth
(Speed)
MobileNomadicFixed
WiMAX
2G/3G2G/3G
CableCable
DSL
Wi-FiWi-Fi
Fiber
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WiMAX Supports
Figure 6 WiMAX Suppor ts
In order for WiMAX to meet the needs of subscribers all over the world, engineering teams had to
develop a system that is flexible enough to meet multiple conditions and operate flawlessly in each of
them.
One of the most challenging parts of any broadband wireless network is its ability to handle harsh radio
environments. WiMAX was developed to work in a number of radio environments, characterized into
three main categories, urban, suburban, and rural.
Flexibility is another important condition that has to be taken into account. This system has the ability to
easily operate with different sized radio channels.
Another key benefit of WiMAX systems is the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed radio bands.
And the system has to supports different types of users. These users are characterized into fixed,
nomadic, and mobile users.
Multiple Radio Environments
Urban
SuburbanRural
Multiple subscriber usage models
Fixed
Nomadic
Portable Mobility
Simple Mobility
Full Mobility
Licensed
and
unlicensed
Multiple Frequency bands
Multiple Channel BandwidthsMultiple Channel Bandwidths
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WiMAX Deployments
Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments
WiMAX is a very versatile system that can be deployed to support many different business needs.
WiMAX systems are designed to add mobility to existing wireline networks, complement existing systems
or to operate as a new stand-alone network.
Complements
existing networksAdds mobility
for Wireline networks
DSLDSL
CableCable
WiMAX
Wi-Fi Hot spots
Cellular Network
WiMAX
Wi-Fi Hot spots
Cellular Network
WiMAXWiMAX
New networks
Greenfield
NO OTHER
NETWORKS
WiMAX
New networks
Greenfield
New networks
Greenfield
NO OTHER
NETWORKS
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WiMAX Subscribers
Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers
In addition to a flexible infrastructure, WiMAX is designed to support different types of subscribers.
Fixed subscribers are units that are located in a specific location. These devices include subscribers
that are located in your home.
Nomadic subscribers are able to move to different locations and reestablish a connection with the
network.
Portable and Mobile subscribers are able to freely roam throughout the coverage area without loosing
connectivity to the network.
Fixed
Nomadic
Simple
Mobility
User powers up and connects to network.
To move the subscriber has to reconnect
at new AP
Speed up to 60 kmph HO interrupts less than
1 sec
A subscriber that is connected to the
network from one physical location
Portable Same as Nomadic, adds expectation ofbest-effort handover
Full
Mobility
Speed up to 120 kmph seamless HO less
than 50 ms latency
Fixed
Nomadic
Simple
Mobility
User powers up and connects to network.
To move the subscriber has to reconnect
at new AP
Speed up to 60 kmph HO interrupts less than
1 sec
A subscriber that is connected to the
network from one physical location
Portable Same as Nomadic, adds expectation ofbest-effort handover
Full
Mobility
Speed up to 120 kmph seamless HO less
than 50 ms latency
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Capacity
Figure 9 Network Speeds
Theoretical systems list the WiMAX data rate as high as 75 megabits-per second. However, there are
many different factors that have to be taken into account in order to determine the actual data rate.
Based on these factors, experts have listed lower data rates in actual RF environments. For example,
with a channel size of 20 megahertz, WiMAX can support a sector data rate of about 11 megabits on the
downlink and 1.36 megabits on the uplink.
Capacity per sector
Downlink = 10.92 Mbps
Uplink = 1.36 Mbps
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WiMAX Standards
Figure 10 Standards Organizations
To take advantage of some of the leading-edge technologies, experts from around the world have been
working together as part of IEEE to provide the most advanced solutions in the field today. Standards
organizations allow easily access to standardized technical information. WiMAX is based on the IEEE
802.16 standard. Following this open standard allows companies to easily support interoperability with
other manufacturers, and quickly deploy new technologies.
Provides technical innovation and access toinformation
Develops Open Standard
Supports Interoperability
Advances technology
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IEEE 802.X Standards
Figure 11 IEEE 802
IEEE is organized into working groups that are responsible for different groups of network standards.
The IEEE 802 committee focuses on the lowest 2 layers of protocol stacks, the Data Link and Physical
layers. This working group focused on building a set of protocols with a common upper interface while
supporting multiple access protocols.
Many people today are familiar with IEEE standards. For example, IEEE802.3 or Ethernet defines the
physical and media access protocols for wired local area networks.
IEEE802.11 is the standard for wireless local area networks. IEEE 802.11 networks provide local areanetwork connectivity over a few meters. A trade group was formed to test and promote the use of the
IEEE 802.11 standard and uses the marketing term Wi-Fi.
IEEE 802.15 defines personal area networks designed to operate over a few meters. Bluetooth is one
type of personal area network.
IEEE 802.16 is the access standard for wireless Metropolitan area networks or MANs. To promote this
standard an industry group was formed and promotes certified products under the name of WiMAX.
The last access standard listed is very similar to WiMAX. It is the IEEE 802.20 standard or Long Term
Evolution (LTE). This standard is focused on providing a broadband wireless access network in
frequency bands below 3.5 gigahertz and vehicle speed up to 250 kilometers an hour. This standard isalso being worked on by the 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to ensure an evolution from 3rd
generation cellular phone networks.
Ethernet
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
WiMAX
LTE
802.1
0Security
802.3
Medium
Access
802.3
Physical
802.11
Medium
Access
802.11
Physical
802.16
Medium
Access
802.16
Physical
802.2 Logical Link Control802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging802.1 Bridging
802.20
Medium
Access
802.20
Physical
802.15
Medium
Access
802.15
Physical
802Overview
802.1
Management
Physical
Layer
Data
Link
Layer
Internet Protocols
Ethernet
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
WiMAX
LTE
802.1
0Security
802.3
Medium
Access
802.3
Physical
802.11
Medium
Access
802.11
Physical
802.16
Medium
Access
802.16
Physical
802.2 Logical Link Control802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging802.1 Bridging
802.20
Medium
Access
802.20
Physical
802.15
Medium
Access
802.15
Physical
802Overview
802.1
Management
Physical
Layer
Data
Link
Layer
Internet Protocols
802.1
0Security
802.3
Medium
Access
802.3
Physical
802.3
Medium
Access
802.3
Physical
802.11
Medium
Access
802.11
Physical
802.11
Medium
Access
802.11
Physical
802.16
Medium
Access
802.16
Physical
802.16
Medium
Access
802.16
Physical
802.2 Logical Link Control802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging802.1 Bridging
802.20
Medium
Access
802.20
Physical
802.20
Medium
Access
802.20
Physical
802.15
Medium
Access
802.15
Physical
802.15
Medium
Access
802.15
Physical
802Overview
802.1
Management
Physical
Layer
Data
Link
Layer
Internet Protocols
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IEEE 802.16 History
Figure 12 IEEE 802.16
802.16 is continually being updated and improved. First introduced in 2001 as IEEE 802.16, the
standard dealt initially with fixed equipment and line of sight operations only. In 2004 the IEEE802.16d
standard was introduced, replacing the previous versions. This standard is typically referred to as fixed
WiMAX. In 2005 the working group began working on IEEE 802.16e, updating IEEE 802.16d and adding
mobility. There are additional revisions to the standard in committee today. When a new revision is
released, the standard is appended with a new suffix.
Standard Description
802.16 Original Standard provided basic high speed data links between 11 and 60 GHz
802.16a Addressed spectral issues and enabled use below 11 GHz
802.16b Increased spectrum for operation between 5 and 6 GHz
802.16c Provided system profiles between 10 and 66 GHz
802.16d 802.16-2004 Major revision, replaced all earlier versions of the standard.Introduced 256 FFT, profiles for compliance testing, alignment with HiperMAN,Fixed operations only.
802.16e 802.16-2005 Added Nomadic and mobile subscribers, introduced OFDMA and
advanced antenna techniques802.16f Focuses on Management Information Base
802.16g Standardizes management plane procedures and services
802.16h Improves coexistence mechanisms for license-exempt operations
802.16j Introduces multi-hop relay specifications
802.16k Standard for bridging
802.16m Standard for an advanced air interface with data rates of 100 Mbps for mobileusers and 1.Gbps for fixed users
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
802.3
MediumAcces s
802.3Physical
802.11
MediumAcces s
802.11Physical
802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging
802.20
MediumAcces s
802.20Physical
802.15
MediumAccess
802.15Physical
Internet Protocols
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
802.3
MediumAcces s
802.3Physical
802.11
MediumAcces s
802.11Physical
802.2 Logical Link Control
802.1 Bridging
802.20
MediumAcces s
802.20Physical
802.15
MediumAccess
802.15Physical
Internet Protocols
WiMAXSy
stemProfiles
Extension
for2-11GH
z
N
onLO
S
P
oint-to-M
ulti-Pointapplications
R
eplaces
802.16,16a,and16c
Mobility
802.16
(2002) (2003)
802.16-2004
(2004)
802.16-2005
(2005)(2001)
802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d
Originalfixe
dairInterface
Line-of-sightonly
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
WiMAXSy
stemProfiles
Extension
for2-11GH
z
N
onLO
S
P
oint-to-M
ulti-Pointapplications
R
eplaces
802.16,16a,and16c
Mobility
802.16
(2002) (2003)
802.16-2004
(2004)
802.16-2005
(2005)(2001)
802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d
Originalfixe
dairInterface
Line-of-sightonly
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
Mobility
802.16
(2002) (2003)
802.16-2004
(2004)
802.16-2005
(2005)(2001)
802.16c 802.16a 802.16e802.16d
Originalfixe
dairInterface
Line-of-sightonly
802.16Medium
Acces s
802.16Physical
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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16
Figure 13 WiMAX IEEE802.16
It is easy to confuse IEEE 802.16e with WiMAX. People often use the two interchangeably; however, it is
important to be able to distinguish between the two. IEEE 802.16 is the standard that WiMAX is based
on; it is far more extensive with many additional capabilities that are not used by WiMAX. WiMAX
defines the end-to-end solution. This includes the organization of networks, network interfaces, networkfunctionality, and call flow processes.
Based on IEEE 802.16
End-to-end solution
Specific configurations (PROFILES)
Connections to other networks
Access
Network
To other Access Networks
ToServiceProviderNetw
orks
Air
Int
erface
IEEE 802.16Defines the Air interface
PHY (layer 1)MAC (layer 2)
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WiMAX Forum
Figure 14 WiMAX Forum
Since the IEEE 802.16 standard is designed to support many possible scenarios, it would be very difficult
for vendors and service providers to determine exactly what to include and focus on for interoperability.
This is one of the main reasons the WiMAX Forum was organized. This group uses the IEEE 802.16
standard as the basis to group features and functionality together in order to ensure interoperability.
Together these groups of featuresare called profiles.
In addition to developing profiles, the WiMAX Forum has developed guidelines that organize network
functionality. The WiMAX Forum provides a method to ensure products are compatible and interoperable
regardless of the manufacturer or other network providers.
Wants to make WiMAX the platform of choice
Industry-led organization
Promotes global WiMAX
deployments
Organized end-to-end functionality
Certifies compatibility and
interoperability
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WiMAX Profiles
Figure 15 WiMAX Profiles
WiMAX Forum profiles ensure that networks and devices from multiple manufacturers and carriers are
compatible with each other. Profiles contain many operational parameters including the channel
bandwidth, operating frequencies or spectrum, type of duplexing, modulation schemes, and several other
parameters including mobility.
The WiMAX Forum hasdeveloped approved
profiles to ensure the
interoperability of products
from different manufacturers.
Channel
Bandwidth
Operating
Spectrum
Type of
Duplexing
Modulation
Mobility
Parameters
Initial Mobile Profiles focus on 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz operations
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WiMAX Standards
Figure 16 Standards Development
IEEE is responsible for developing standards such as the 802.16 Wireless MAN standard. The 802.16
standard may be found at http://www.ieee802.org/16/.
The WiMAX Forum (http://www.wimaxforum.org).is responsible for grouping features of the 802.16
standard together into profiles. The Forum has organized profiles to support fixed and mobile
deployments. Another charter of the WiMAX Forum organization is to promote the deployment of WiMAX
globally.
As a key member of both the IEEE committee and WiMAX Forum, and with our expertise in wirelessnetworks, Motorola (http://www.motorola.com) has developed the wi4 WiMAX product portfolio.
IEEE 802.16dIEEE 802.16e
Fixed WiMAX
Mobile WiMAX
wi4 WiMAX
INPU
Tand
FEED
BACK
INPUTa
nd
FEED
BACK
http://www.ieee802.org/16/http://www.wimaxforum.org/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.motorola.com/http://www.wimaxforum.org/http://www.ieee802.org/16/7/27/2019 WiMAX System Level Overview
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WiMAX Topology
Figure 17 WiMAX Topology
There are two types of systems defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard Point-To-Point and Point-
To-Multipoint. Point-To-Point or fixed systems are designed to provide a broadband connection
between two fixed locations. One typical use of a Point-To-Point system would be as part of a back haul
network.
Point-To-Multipoint systems are designed to support multiple subscribers with a single network access
point. These systems typically provide service to end customers and are referred to as the last-mile
service. Point-To-Multipoint networks can support many different types of subscribers, ranging from
fixed, to nomadic and mobile subscribers.
Point-To-Multipoint
* MESH networks are also defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard. (not shown)
PMP
Point-To-Point
PTP
One use for this type of network is backhaul .
Point-To-Point
PTP
One use for this type of network is backhaul .
This is the last-mile service.
It supports both fixed nomadic, and mobile services.
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WiMAX Networks
Figure 18 Parts of a WiMAX Network
WiMAX is an access network technology. WiMAX is multiple networks connected to provide services to
customers.
The Network Service Provider network (NSP) provides all the services and features offered by the
carrier. This network is not defined by WiMAX.
The Network Access Provider network (NAP) is the interface between the customer equipment and
the services and features offered by the carrier. The NAP provides network access and mobility and IP
connectivity.
The Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) provides customer interface.
WiMAX defines the parts of a network b y their funct ions.
Voice / Data
Network
Access
Network
Customer
Premises
Equipment
NAP = Network Access Provider
NSP = Network Service Provider
SS = Subscriber Station(also referred to as a MS mobile
subscriber)
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WiMAX Access Network
Figure 19 WiMAX Access Network
Similar to other access networks in existence today, WiMAX provides a connection from thecustomers equipment to the services or features being provided. Access networks have one mainfunction. That is to connect the users to the network that support the features and services. There aremany wireline and wireless access networks in use today providing this connectivity but few offer theflexibility and capabilities that WiMAX provides.
The WiMAX network is organized into two smaller networks.
The Connectivity Service Network is responsible for subscribers IP connectivity.
TheAccess Service Network provides network access and mobility.
Customer
Premises
Equipment
Customer
Premises
Equipment
ASN
CSN
Networks of WiMAX
NSP
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Logical Elements of the NSP
Figure 20 NSP
The Network Service Provider network provides all of the services and features being offered by the
carrier. These may include:
Voice over IP
Strea
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