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WIMAX & CDMA2000
III. WIMAX STANDARDS
OVERVIEW
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Agenda
Structure of 802 standards 802.16 standards overview
802.16 -2001
802.16c
802.16b
802.16a
802.16 d
802.16 d
802.16e
802.16f
802.16 h, i, j WIBRO
802.20
WIMAX Systems Profile
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III.1 IEEE 802 standards overview
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
802.1
Network
Manage
ment
802.2 LOGICAL LINK CONTROL
802.3
PHY
802.5
PHY
802.11
b
PHY
802.11
g
PHY
802.11
a
PHY
802.16
PHY
802.16
d
PHY
802.15.1
PHY
802.3
MAC
802.16
e
PHY
802.15.1
MAC
802.16
MAC
802.11
MAC802.5
MAC
802
Overview
and
Architecture
OVERVIEW OF 802 STANDARDS
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III.2 IEEE 802.16 standards overview
802.16-2001Approved Dec 2001, published 2002.
WMAN for fixed wireless applications,
only an air interface, with single carrier
modulation. 10-66GHz band, PMP infrastructure
268 Mbps
No compliance with ETSI HyperMAN Has undergone many revisions
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III.2 IEEE 802.16 standards overview
802.16c Ensure interoperability with LMDS in the 10-66GHz. More bandwidth.
Coverage limited < 5km from the base station.
Mandatory elements include system profiling,
provisioned connections, provide IPV4 support ontransport connection, support fragmentation.
Optional elements include security protocols.
Network technology independent, ATM or TCP/IP
Revised
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III.2 IEEE 802.16 standards overview
802.16b, WirelessHUMAN Wireless High Speed Unlicensed MAN QoS features to ensure differentiated services for
different traffic types.
Extended 802.16-2001 to operate in the license
exempt 5-6 GHz band. Discontinued
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III.2 IEEE 802.16 standards overview
802.16a, Published in April 2003 Standardize Multichannel multipoint distribution
service in the lower frequency 2-11 GHz range.
NLOS communication with cell radius of to 50km
75Mbps Mesh mode operation facilitating subscriber-
subscriber
Fixes to be corrected by 802.16d
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III.2 IEEE 802.16 standards overview
802.16d formally called 802.16-2004, Revised all the amendments of 802.16-2001. workinggroups formed to address the following:
802.16e mobility
802.16f Management Information Base
802.16g Management plane procedures and services 802.16h Improved coexistence mechanisms for
license exempt operation
802.16i mobile MIB
802.16j mobile multihop relay
802.16k bridging
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III.3 802.16-2004
The 802.16-2004 standard is defined over the2-66 GHz range, providing LOS in the
upper frequency ranges and NLOS in the
lower frequency ranges. The 802.16-2004
protocol stack is defined over the lower twolayers of the OSI reference model, the MAC
sublayer, the Physical layer.
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III.3.1 802.16-2004 protocol stack
LINK LAYER CONTROL
CONVERGENCE SUBLAYER
LINK LAYER CONTROLCOMMON PART SUBLAYER
PRIVACY SUBLAYER
TRANSMISSION CONVERGENCE SUBLAYER
256QAM64QAM16QAMQPSK
MAC
PH
Y
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The 802.16 Physical Layer
The 802.16 transmission environment
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III.3.2 802.16-2004 PHY Defined for LOS operations in the 10-66 GHz range and NLOS
operations in the 2-11 GHz range. In LOS operations WirelessMAN-SC is defined and supports
both FDD and TDD modes.
In the 2-11GHz range, to support NLOS operations, 3 new
PHY specifications are defined: single carrier PHY, a 256 FFT
OFDM PHY, 2048 FFT OFDMA. The single carrier PHY, WirelessMAN-SCa is similar to
WirelessMAN-SC but adapted for NLOS operations.
The other 2 a based on OFDM. OFDM uses 256 RF
subcarriers to transmit different signals simultaneously.
Neighboring sub carriers overlap, but are orthogonal to
each other to prevent ICI.
OFDM is more resilient to multipath effects than
WirelessMAN-SCx and has higher bandwidth efficiency.
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III.3.2 802.16-2004 PHYOther features of the PHY include:
Adaptive antenna systems, using multiple antennas atboth the Tx and Rx ends (MIMO systems), to
increase channel capacity by steering beams to
multiple users to achieve in cell frequency reuse.
MIMO increases SIR. Adaptive modulation techniques, wide range of trade-
offs and robustness. 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM.
Space time coding (optional) used in downlink
communications to provide for space-transmit
diversity. Space time coding assumes the BS has 2
antennas and the SS has one.
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III.3.3 802.16-2004 MAC The MAC supports the different PHY specifications
by using TDMA.
TDMA supports different levels of QoS and bounded
delay communication through predetermined SLA.
This can be achieved by allocating bandwidth on a
request/grant mechanism. The standard supports
TDD and FDD, half and full duplex.
802.16-2004 is designed to carry any future higher
layer protocol such as IP version 4, IP version 6,
VOIP, Ethernet, and VLAN services. The 802.16
MAC is further divided into sublayers that handle
different services.
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III.3.3 802.16-2004 MAC
The convergence sublayer is designed to map
services to and from 802.16 MAC. It is further
divided into the ATM convergence sublayer, and
packet convergence sublayer. Packet
convergence sublayer provides support for IP,
Ethernet, and VLAN. The main task of the
convergence sublayer is to map higher PDUs into
proper service DU. It is also responsible for
bandwidth allocation and QoS, as well as header
suppression and reconstruction to enhance air-
link efficiency.
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III.3.3 802.16-2004 MAC
Common Part Sublayer. 802.16 is designed tosupport PMP network architecture while mesh
operations are left optional. 802.16 MAC is
connection oriented.
The PMP TDD is used to divide transmission timeinto up and downlink periods. On the downlink, data
to SS are multiplexed in TDM fashion and broadcast
to all capable of listening to the downlink frame.
TDMA on demand bases is implemented on theuplink.
Connections are identified by 16 bit connection
identifiers.
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III.3.3 802.16-2004 MAC Privacy sublayer provides secure key exchange and
encryption. Privacy sublayer has 2 main protocols. An encapsulation for encrypting data across the
802.16 network.
A privacy key management (PKM) protocol to
facilitate secure distribution of the keying data
from the BS to the SS
PKM is used in security association.802.16 defines 3
types of security associationprimary, static, and
dynamic. Primary security association is established
during the SS initialization. Static service association isprovisioned within the BS while dynamic security
association is initiated and terminated on demand in a
response of initiation and termination of service flows.
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III.4 IEEE 802.16e
The scope of IEEE 802.16e is to provide
mobility support enhancement support for
SS moving at vehicular speed.
IEEE 802.16e introduces many changes to
PHY and MAC layer protocols owing tomobility support, which required addressing
new issues that were not required in
802.16-2004, such as handoff and powermanagement.
It is an amendment to IEEE 802.16-2004.
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III.4.1 802.16e PHYChanges included in 802.16e PHY include
Limitation of 802.16e operations to licensed bandssuited for mobility below 6 GHz.
802.16e defines a new air interface, scalable-
OFDMA.
The AAS, space time code, and closed loop MIMOare enhanced to improve coverage and data
transmission rate.
802.16e includes an additional advanced low
complexity coding option method, low-density paritycheck (LDPC) to provide for more flexible encoding.
LDPC codes 6 bits for every 5 data bits with a rate of
5/6.
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III.4.2 802.16e MAC
To provide mobility support 802.16e MAC
provides support for mobility. It adds support for
handoff and power management.
For QoS support 802.16e defines 3 new
scheduling mechanisms, the extendedreal- time polling service (ErtPS),unsolicited
grant service(UGS), and real time polling
service.
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III.4.2 802.16e MAC
Handover support is achieved through fast
base station switching and hard handoff
mechanisms for intercell and intersector
handover. 802.16e also supports
macrodiversity handover andintertechnology roaming.
Power management is through idle and
sleep modes
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III.5 IEEE 802.16f
802.16f defines a management information
base (MIB) for the MAC and PHY.
It provides a management reference model for
802.16-2004 networks. The model consists of
a network management system(NMS),managed nodes and service flow database.
802.16f is based on SNMP version 2 with
optional support for SNMP version 3. SNMPv2
is backward compatible with SNMPv1.
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III.6 IEEE 802.16i
802.16i is to amend or supersede 802.16f.
Its scope is to provide mobility
enhancement to 802.16 MIB to the MAC
layer, PHY layer and associated
management procedures. It uses protocol-neutral methodologies for
network management to specify resource
models and related solution sets for the
management of devices in a multivendor
802.16 mobile network (IEEE
NetMan,2006b).
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III.7 802.16gThe scope of 802.16g is to produce procedures and service
amendments to 802.16-2004 and802.16e-2005; provide network management schemes to
enable interoperable and efficient management of
network resources, mobility, spectrum; and standardize
management plane behavior in 802.16 fixed and mobile
devices.
802.16g defines a generic packet convergence sublayer as
upper layer protocol-independent as packet convergence
sublayer that supports multiple protocols over 802.16
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III.8 IEEE 802.16k
802.16k is to define necessaryprocedures and MAC layer
enhancements to allow 802.16-2004 to
support bridge functionality defined on
802.1D.
802.16k provides explicit support for
802.1p end-to-end priority data
through explicit one-to-one mapping of
user priority.
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III.9 IEEE 802.16h
The main purpose of 802.16g is to developimproved MAC mechanisms to enable
coexistence among licensed-exempt
802.16-2004 devices and facilitate
coexistence with other systems using the
same band.
802.16h designs a coexistence protocol,
which is defined at the IP level andis mainlyintended for BS-BS communication
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III.9 IEEE 802.16hSome MAC enhancement mechanisms include
Capability negotiation is a mechanism provided atthe MAC layer for the BS to learn about its
associated SS capabilities and functionalities for
supporting coexistence licensed-exempt band.
Extended channel numbering structure,used todefine channel bandwidth for better interference
management.
Measurement and reporting: a process for defining
mechanisms and messages at the MAC layer tomeasure and report interference level and bandwidth
band usage.
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III.10 IEEE802.16jIEEE 802.16j is intended to improve legacy
802.16 networks coverage, throughput, and system capacity. 802.16j extends the network
infrastructure of legacy 802.16 to include three
relay types: fixed relays, nomadic relays, and
mobile relays. 802.16j is required to enable
the operation of the relay nodes over the
licensed band.
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III.11 WiBro A typically Korean homegrown wireless
technology. Compartible with the 802.16e profiles, TDD based.
Operates with 9MHz channels in the 2.3GHz band
with OFDMA as access technology
Supports vehicular speeds of upto 120 km/h. Peak user data rates are 3Mbps in the DL (1Mbps
in the UL) and 18Mbps of peak sector throughput
in the DL (6Mbps in the DL).
Average user data rates > 512 kbps, cell radius
~1km.Largely deployed in densely populated
areas.
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III.12 IEEE 802.20
It defines mobility from the ground up at
high speeds.
It is supposed to provide data rates from
1Mbps 4Mbps, operating at frequencies
below the 3.5 GHz band with a 15km range. Defines a new PHY and MAC
It is not part of the WIMAX standard but it is
expected to provide broadband dataservices similar to WIMAX.
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III.13 WIMAX Systems ProfileA WiMAX system certification profile is a set of features of the
802.16 standard, selected by the WiMAX Forum, that isrequired or mandatory for these specific profiles. The
802.16 indicates that a system (certification) profile
should contain the following 5 components
MAC profile
PHY profile RF profile
Duplexing selection
Power class
Two system profiles have been defined
Fixed Wimax system profile
Mobile Wimax sytem profile
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III.13.1 Fixed Wimax systems profile Fixed Wimax certification profiles are specified for OFDM PHY with 256 subcarriers
and PMP modes of operation.
Plans are underway to specify profiles with 5MHz channels in the 2.5 GHz band, andalso as the regulatory and market environment changes with the allocation of newfrequency bands to the service
Fixed certification profiles based on 802.16e are also planned
Frequency
band
Duplexing
mode
Channel
bandwidth
Profile
name3.4 - 3.6 GHz TDD 7 MHz 3.5T1
3.4 - 3.6 GHz TDD* 3.5 MHz 3.5 T2
3.4 - 3.6 GHz FDD 3.5 MHz 3.5 F1
3.4 - 3.6GHz FDD 7 MHz 3.5 F2
5.725-5.85GHz TDD 10 MHz 5.8T
* Product are already certified for this profile
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III.13.2 Mobile Wimax system Profile
Mobile Wimax profiles are specified for
802.16e, to function with scalable OFDMA
PHY and PMP mode.
It is expected that some cohabitation will
exist between the fixed profiles and the
mobile profiles so as to cater for fixed
subscribers in mobile BTS deployments.
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III.13.2 Mobile Wimax system ProfileProfile
name
Frequency
band (GHz)
Channel
BW MHz
Duplexing Wave Status
MP01 2.3 2.4 GHz 8.75 MHz TDD Wave 1
only
active
MP02 2.3 2.4 GHz 5 & 10 TDD Wave 2
MP03 2.305 -2.320
2.345 2.360
5 MHz TDD Wave 2 Active
MP04 2.305 -2.3202.345 2.360
10 MHz TDD Wave 2
MP05 2.496 2.69 5 & 10 TDD Wave 2
MP06 3.3 3.4 5 TDD Wave 2
MP07 3.3 3.4 7 TDD Wave 2
MP08 3.4 -3.8 5 TDD Wave 2
MP09 3.4 3.6 5 TDD Wave 2
MP10 3.4 3.6 7 TDD Wave 2
MP11 3.4 3.8 1o TDD Wave 2
MP12 3.4 -3.6 10 TDD Wave 2
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III.11 Conclusion The main standard for fixed WIMAX is
802.16-2004.
802.16e supports mobile functionality at
vehicular speeds.
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SUMMARYOverview of 802.16 standards
Scalable
OFDMA2048/ 1024 /
512
And 128
802.16eMobility
enhancement:
Handoff/Active set/
Anchor
Target
802.16a
Sca
OFDM 256
OFDM 2048
802.16b
Wireless
HUMAN
OFDM 256
802.16-2001
TDM
FDD/TDM
ATM + Packet
PCSSystem
Profiles
For
Cross
Manuf.
conformance
802.16802.16-
2004
PHY
802.16g: Mob.Mgmt procedures and services802.16f Management Information Base
PH
Y
M
A
C
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SUMMARY802.16 802.16a, Rev d 802.16 e
Completed Dec 2001 802.16 a: Jan03
802.16d : Q304
2005
Spectrum 10 66 GHz 2 - 11 GHz 2 6 GHz
Channel
conditions
LOS NLOS NLOS
Bit rate 32 -134Mbps at 28MHZchannelization
Up to 75 Mbps at20 MHz channelization
Up to 15Mbps at 5MHz Channels
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM, OFDM, OFDMA
QPSK, 16QAM & 64QAM,
Scalable OFDMA
Mobility Fixed Fixed Pedestrian mobility
Regional Roaming
Channel BW 20, 25 and 28 MHz Selectable bandwidths
1.25 20MHz
Same as 802.16d
Typical cell
radius
1.5- 5 km 3-5 km, can go upto 50km
depending on tower
height, antenna gain and
transmit power.
1.5 5km
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