Where we are headed
Timber Cruiser
Tree measurement (diameters and heights)Species identification (FOR 219)Defect recognition and determinationQuality determinationUse of timber cruising toolsMap reading and compass useTraversesElementary use of aerial photography
Skill Set
Compass and GPSLoggers tapeDendrometer and HypsometerIncrement BorerFlagging and StakesMaps, Aerial Photos, Cruising planAxe and paintData recording device (electronic or manual)PrismCalculator
Field Equipment
BootsChapsFirst aid kitHard HatSafety glassesVestRadioWater supply
Safety Equipment
Part 1 - Diameter
Measuring Trees
An instrument used to measure trees
Dendrometer
Diameter Breast HeightAverage diameter at 4.5 feet (1.4 meters)
Easiest to measure, less taper, not height of cutOutside barkUphill side of tree
DBH
Measuring trees
Radius:
Circumference:
Area:
Basal Area(ft2)= .005454 DBH2
Biltmore Stick
Held 25” from eye
Tree diameters – Oblong Boles
Calipers
Using Calipers
Sector Fork
D-Tape
D-Tape scale
Tape must be horizontal
One-inch diameter class examples5-inch class = 4.6 to 5.5 inches9-inch class = 8.6 to 9.5 inches
Two-inch diameter class examples12-inch class = 11.0 to 12.9 inches14-inch class = 13.0 to 14.9 inches
Diameter Classes
Can average DBH for stand and/or by species
After calculating Basal Areas for all trees. You can average the BA for the stand and/or by species
The square root of the mean BA/.005454 is the quadratic mean diameter or the diameter of the tree of mean basal area.
Summarizing
Needed for tree form, taper, and volume.
Can determine merchantable height.
Need to be able to do this easily, quickly and safely.
Upper Stem Diameters
Spiegel Relaskop
Relaskop screen
Relaskop compensates for angles
Wheeler Pentaprism – optical caliper
DBH Measurement for irregular stems
Trees growing togetherTo use the one-half diameter method, make two marks opposite each other on the stem at 4.5 feet. Measure the distance between the marks with the diameter tape and double the measurement to determine DBH. Repeat the process for the other tree.
Tree Growing on or around an object
If these measurements are at equal distance from 4.5 feet, average A and C to arrive at DBH measurement.
Abnormality at DBHIf point A and point C are at unequal distances from 4.5 feet, interpolate the distances to arrive at DBH measurement
Butt Swell
a. Measure diameter above DBH where shape is normal, point A in diagram at right.
b. Measure height to the point where DBH was taken.
c. Determine average taper from comparable trees of the same species in immediate area.
d. Interpolate DBH measurement "C" based on diameter measurement "A", the estimated average taper, and length "B".
Broken Tree/Severed Tree
Down Tree
Split TreeFor split trees, measure
DBH with calipers or use the one-half diameter technique. Make two marks opposite each other on the stem at 4.5 feet. Measure the distance between the two marks with a diameter tape and double the measurement to determine the diameter
Missing Bark
Since DBH includes bark you must estimate what the measurement would be including the missing bark.
If all bark is missing, try to get a measure from similar nearby trees.
Missing Bark – use Bark GaugeAdd thickness of bark to missing region
Catfaces-- Diameter tape (D-Tape). Adjust the tape at a normally rounded position to allow for the catface portion missing. If the tape is not adjusted but is pulled tight, the tape will be straight across the missing portion and the diameter read will be less than it should be.-- Calipers. Measure DBH at right angle to catface.-- One-half Diameter Technique. Use this technique on trees growing together.
Highly correlated to tree vigor and other measurable parameters.
Helps predict response from silviculture treatments like thinning or fertilization
Crown Diameter
How to MeasureCrown Diameter
1. Average of Maximum and Minimum diameters
2. Average of Maximum diameter and the one perpendicular to that axis
3. Average of some random width and the perpendicular axis width
4. For highly irregular crowns more than 2 measurements may be averaged
Timber MarkingHow, What, Where, Why
Eye Level MarkEasily seen from a distanceType of mark may be distinctive for type of
tree (i.e. diagonal line for boundary, horizontal line for pulp tree, etc.
Boundary trees marks visible from three sides.
Boundary trees visible from each other.
Stump MarkSurvives after operationDownhill sideRemove loose bark, etc firstPaint into bark furrows and between root
swellingsInclude tree and soilLaw enforcement ramifications
Canceling Prior WorkBlack paint used first to hide old paint
All forest service paint contains tracers - Thus USFS paint requires tight supervision, inventory, security.
FlaggingMay be used when need to identify this tree is
temporary or short lived.
Tree NumberingCruise ID number painted on treeCruiser initials alsoPaint applied towards plot center if part of
sample point.
Paint Colors
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