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Welcome to Millennium Reign University The following
presentation takes the employee through Hydrogen Basics and Fuel Properties.
Thank You
530 North Main Street Dayton, Ohio 45405
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Participants will List key properties and characteristics of hydrogen Distinguish between codes and standards Compare the properties of gaseous hydrogen to liquefied
hydrogen Outline the ways that hydrogen is transported in the U.S. Understand the two primary methods of hydrogen production Identify and discuss the proper hydrogen storage methods Identify current applications of hydrogen in industry Understand hydrogen storage and dispensing technologies
Objectives
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Key Terms and Abbreviations
Codes Standards Anode Cathode Electrolysis Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack Proton Exchange Membrane
(PEM) Catalyst Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) Hydrogen Chemical Symbol Hydrogen Steam Reforming
Asphyxiate Auto-Ignition Buoyant Metal Hydride Embrittlement Hydro carbon Inert Pressure relief device (PRD) Pressure relief valve (PRV) Renewable Distributed Generation Internal Combustion Engine
(ICE) Viscosity
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Energy Policy Act, 1992 Alternative Fuels (8) Hydrogen – Cleanest Hydrogen – Renewable energy source Using hydrogen as a “fuel” (2) Water is by-product of hydrogen use
Introduction
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Hydrogen Properties and Behaviors Hydrogen Production Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier Hydrogen Uses Hydrogen storage, transport and distribution
Module Overview
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Hydrogen can be used in two ways: Electrochemically, by passing H2 molecules
through a fuel cell (most common) Combustion of hydrogen to release energy
Hydrogen is highly flammable and burns with an almost invisible pale blue flame
Hydrogen flames do not produce smoke Hydrogen flames can be identified by a heat
mirage-like effect on the air over the flame Pure hydrogen flame has low radiant heat A hydrogen flame is just as hot as a hydrocarbon
flame
Hydrogen Properties and Behaviors
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What are the key properties of hydrogen? Hindenburg Story
Hydrogen filled balloon Balloon painted with rocket-based chemical Static electricity sparked paint covering Hydrogen ignition carried heat and diesel fuel
burning vertically away from passengers
Review
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Fuel Comparisons FUELSHydrogenCNGLNGPropaneGasoline
ORDORANT ADDNoYes ( Mercaptan)NoYes ( Mercaptan)Naturally Strong
TOXICYes AsphyxiantNo Asphyxiant No Asphyxiant No Asphyxiant Yes
http://journals.lww.com/epidem/Fulltext/2011/01001/Methane_and_Natural_Gas_Exposure_Limits.771.aspx
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Compressed at high PSIG Combination of old and new technologies Mixing Hydrogen with air Managing possible ignition sources Venting Flame detectors Hydrogen leak detectors
Hydrogen General Safety
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Hydrogen is flammable Hydrogen must be derived/extracted from
materials high in hydrogen content Hydrogen is an energy carrier (sometimes
referred to as a fuel or battery) Hydrogen can be produced on a large or
small scale
Hydrogen Production
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4 -75% Very little energy to ignite 4% - Barely burns 5% - Can burn sideways 18% - Burns faster than speed of sound 45% - Burns at 4600 mph w/shock wave 74% - Barely burns 75% - Will not burn
Hydrogen Combustionin Air with Oxygen
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U.S produces 95% of Hydrogen Steam can produce hydrogen from carbon based
fuels (petroleum and coal) Steam reacts with methane under 14.5 psi in the
presence of a catalyst to product H2 Steam reforming is endothermic Water-gas shift reaction Pressure-swing adsorption Cost effective competitive with gal. of gasoline
Hydrogen Production: Reforming
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Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or other useful products from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas. This is achieved in a processing device called a reformer which reacts steam at high temperature with the fossil fuel. The steam methane reformer is widely used in industry to make hydrogen.
At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) and in the presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel), steam reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2
Hydrogen Production: Reforming
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Electrolyze Water (H2O) Electricity used to separate hydrogen and
oxygen molecules Electricity available from renewable and grid
sources On-board electrolyzing not practical Home and public electrolyzers/stations needed Cost Effectiveness improving
Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis
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Over 9 million tons of Hydrogen are produced and marketed in the U.S. a year
Market comparisons to Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cells are 2-3 times more
efficient than ICE (15-30% effective) ICE Pollution and health costs need to be
monetized for accurate comparison Electrical energy cost per kilogram of H2 Reforming from NG is cost competitive
Hydrogen Production: Cost
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Transportation standard for hydrogen use is pressurized hydrogen stored at 10,000 psi
Hydrogen requires specially designed cylinders to prevent leakage
All hydrogen tanks/cylinders have pressure relief devices (PRDs)
Hydrogen electrolyzers use pressure relief valves (PRVS) on the electrolyzer cylinders
Absorption of hydrogen can lead to embrittlement
Gaseous Hydrogen
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Hydrogen installations require Division I Cat II compliance for compressed gas
Care must be used to guard against static electric charge through adequate grounding
Hydrogen rises and defuses very quickly if released
Code requirements for electrical motors around hydrogen must be observed
Hydrogen Safety Points
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Steps to Hydrogen Liquefaction : Compress Hydrogen Dry and purify the Hydrogen Refrigerate Hydrogen to -423 degrees F
Liquid Hydrogen
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Hydrogen (9 million tons per year) is used extensively in hundreds of areas:
Aerospace – spacecraft, fuel cells, rocket fuel Iron and Steel production Electrical Generation Oil and Gas Glass Manufacturing
Hydrogen Uses
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Food and Beverages Chemical Processes Pharmaceutical Electronics Nuclear Power Plants
Hydrogen Uses (continued)
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Hydrogen is a by-product of manufacturing Hypochlorite generation Chlorine production
By Product
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Decades of Safe History Pipelines- over 700 miles (NG 1M miles) Railways Tanker Trucks Requires different infrastructure than NG
Hydrogen Transport
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Over 700 miles of Hydrogen Pipelines NG uses 1 million miles of Pipeline Pure Hydrogen needs special pipelines Hythane (H2 and methane mix) can use
existing pipelines Trucks and Trains transport 6 Million cu. ft. of
hydrogen a year. Liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic tanks
Delivery Notes
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Gaseous Hydrogen high in Volume Compressed: 200-10,000 PSIG Cryogenic Liquid < 100 PSI @ -423 Degrees
F (-253 C) Pipelines become storage systems
Hydrogen Storage
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Vehicles Handle High Pressures Puncture and Burn Proof
Transport Tanks Gaseous – pressure dependent Liquid (cryogenic double walled, insulated)
Storage Tanks
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Similar to CNG Cylinders High-pressure cylinders very durable, double
walled Composite Cylinders – Auto Industry
Aluminum Core Kevlar and Fiberglass Wound Plastic Core Carbon Fiber Wound Pressure Relief Valve
Hydrogen Storage Cylinders
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Type I - all metal cylinder Type II – load-bearing metal liner hoop
wrapped with continuous filament Type III – non-load-bearing metal liner axial
and hoop wrapped with continuous filament Type IV - non-load-bearing non-metal liner
wrapped with continuous filament
Cylinder Types
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Since 2000, the world’s largest automotive manufacturers have used TUFFSHELL™ cylinders for their advanced technology hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In 2008, Hexagon Lincoln was chosen as a member of the Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) to promote the use of composites for hydrogen storage with the purpose of accelerating the market entry of fuel cell vehicles.
In addition to passenger cars, we are the supplier to the largest volume fuel cell forklift integrator. Our cylinders are used in various regions throughout the world at compressed hydrogen and compact (home refueling type) hydrogen stations, including canopy installation where light-weight cylinders are necessary.
standard pressures: 5000 psi / 350 bar, 6000 psi / 400 bar, 7000 psi / 500 bar, 10,000 psi / 700 bar,13,000 psi / 950 bar
water-volume ranges: 8 G / 29 L to 142 G / 539 L dimension ranges: lengths up to 118 in / 3000 mm and diameters up to 22 in / 560 mm U.S. and international standards: ISO 11119, EC79/2009, METI-KHK hydrogen
standards, SAE J2579,CSA B-51, and 2010 ASME Section X Class III
TUFFSHELL™ Hydrogen
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H2 Pipelines- Stainless: Carry both gaseous and liquid
Resistant to embrittlement tendencies Liquid cryogenic systems require double
walled, insulated.
Hydrogen Pipelines
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Refinery Reforming Cost ~ $2.50/kg Electrolyzer Cost ~$4.50/kg Bottled Cylinder Cost ~$12.50/kg
Hydrogen Production Costs
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Transform Hydrogen into Electricity Produce nominal heat Exhaust pure water Requires continuous supply of hydrogen Part of Distributed Generation Environment
Fuel Cells
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Four auto manufactures have devoted production lines to H2 vehicle production
All OEMs have H2 vehicle R&D programs H2 vehicle technology surpasses that of
conventional ICE vehicles Relatively little is progressing for combustion
of H2 in ICEs
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles
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Uses converted ICE engine Has on-board hydrogen storage at lower
PSIG Usually capable of running on gasoline or H2
(Bi-Fuel) Improves mileage and air exhaust quality
Hydrogen in an ICE
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H2 vehicle technology includes: electric drive train on-board high pressure H2 storage fuel cell battery or super capacitor small battery back
Hydrogen Vehicle Technology
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H2 vs. ICE
Hydrogen Fuel cells are solid state
devices Fuel cells use inexhaustible
power source Uses air to electrochemically
combine with hydrogen Some cooling of fuel cell
required Exhaust is H20 Fuel Cells are ~60% efficient
Internal Combustion Engine ICE are complex mechanical
devices & exhaust processors Uses petroleum Uses air to combust fuel Extensive cooling of engine
required Exhaust is highly toxic ICE are ~30% efficient
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Polymer Exchange Membrane (PEM Fuel Cell) Thin membrane that allows H2 protons to pass through
and electrons to move around creating electricity Anode – a negatively charged electrode that
channels the electrons through an electrical circuit Cathode – a positively charge electrode that ensures
disperses oxygen across the catalyst Catalyst – a thin coating between the PEM and the
anode/cathode
Hydrogen Components
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Catalyst splits hydrogen atoms into protons and electrons
The protons and electrons need to recombine and are attracted to oxygen molecules to create H2O
The positively charged protons are attracted to pass through the Fuel Cell Membrane
The negatively charge electrons travel around the membrane and their movement creates electricity
This electrochemical process uses no combustion and exhausts the combination of hydrogen and oxygen – water
Fuel Cell Operation
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UwSazq8GTU
Fuel Cell Animation
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Fuel Cells are a combination of layers of fuel cells referred to as stacks
Each stack generates X amount of power Combinations of stacks can create kilowatts
of electricity
Fuel Cell Stack
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Uses plentiful hydrogen as power source Electrochemical process produces no toxic
emissions Fuel cells are 2-3 times more efficient than
internal combustion engines Hydrogen electrolysis can be produced
anytime, (i.e. off peak times with $0.02 kW electricity or renewable energy)
Fuel Cell Benefits
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Hybrid electric vehicles Automobiles Forklifts
Stationary Power Uninterruptible power supplies
Micro Fuel Cells Laptops Cell phones
Fuel Cell Applications
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Specially constructed, high impact storage tanks
Multiple hydrogen sensors Impact sensors Pressure release devices (PRD)
Hydrogen Vehicles Safety Systems
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New fueling station infrastructure needed Requires access to Hydrogen sources:
Reforming; electrolysis; liquid H2; compressed gas storage
Hydrogen technology enables: Public refueling stations Home refueling stations
Hydrogen Fueling Stations
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Demonstration Sites Identical to fueling a NG or propane vehicle Multiple safety and sensor technologies
employed, including:~Break Away Devices~Locking nozzle Devices
Fill control devices incorporated into system
Hydrogen Refueling
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Special high pressure dispensing unit/pump Special nozzle locks into vehicle receptacle Closed loop system interjecting H2 and
removing existing vacuum Same technology used by decades old NG
dispensing systems Safer than gasoline dispensing
Hydrogen Dispensing
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Stored up to 12,000 psig ( cryogenic liquid H2 @100 psi)
Light duty passenger vehicles store up to 5 kg to travel 300-500 miles per fill
Buses are capable of storing up to 50 kg of H2 in multiple tanks
Hydrogen Storage
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Higher density Higher energy content Lower volume than gaseous H2 Requires super-insulated tank Limited application in vehicles
Liquefied Hydrogen Storage
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Impact Ballistic tests Bonfire Testing Environmental Ranges Tank Testing, Recertifying, Recycling Burst Testing Permeation Testing PRD Testing
Hydrogen Tank Testing
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Properties of Hydrogen Production, storing and transporting
hydrogen Hydrogen Safety Technology Hydrogen applications Hydrogen vehicles and refueling stations
Summary
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