WEEK 11 JOURNAL 42 Answer the following questions: How did the Soviet launch of
Sputnik I affect relations between the US and Soviet Union?
Why would the US get concerned if Cuba began to align (be friends with)
itself with the Soviet Union?
CHAPTER 20
THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY
SECTION 1KENNEDY AND THE COLD
WAR
CAUSES FOR CONCERN
Economic recession Soviet launched Sputnik I Soviet developed long
range missiles 1960 U-2 incident Cuba aligned with the SU
ELECTION OF 1960 Kennedy – Democrat Nixon – Republican Two factors decided the race
Debate Televised
Civil Rights Martin Luther King Jr.
KENNEDY TAKES OFFICE Very concerned
Soviet alliances and spread of communism
Republican policy of massive retaliation Soviets had nuclear weapons and missiles
Kennedy’s alternative Flexible response
FLEXIBLE RESPONSE Other options for defense
Boosted conventional military forces
Created Special ForcesGreen Berets
Tripled US nuclear capabilities
INCREASED DEFENSESPENDING
JANUARY 3, 1961
Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba
This is days before Kennedy’s inauguration
FIDEL CASTRO
Revolutionary leader of Cuba Promised to set up a
democracy if the US would help to overthrow Cuban Dictator Batista
Castro came to power in 1959
CUBAN DILEMMA Oil refineries Commercial farms / communes US trade barriers Putting Castro’s reforms in
place Soviets and political repression
Cubans take sides….. 10% become exiles
BAY OF PIGS INVASION Summer of 1960 Eisenhower
gave CIA permission…. Kennedy found out about
operation 9 days after election April 17, 1961
1,400 Cuban exiles landed Nothing went right!!!!!!
•Kennedy took blame for the mess
•Paid Castro $53 million in food and medical supplies.
•Negotiated for release of surviving commandos.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Khrushchev pledged to defend
Cuba Summer of 1962 Soviet weapons to Cuba
increased Nuclear
Kennedy’s response October 14 – U-2 photos
Kennedy’s speech Any attack from Cuba…. Next six days Soviet ships turned Khrushchev’s offer Kennedy agreed
Khrushchev and Kennedy
Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis Hurt Khrushchev Hurt Kennedy somewhat Democrats were blamed for
loosing Cuba Castro closed doors to exiles
1962 to 1965 Many Cubans fled to join families in Miami
BERLIN CRISIS 1961 West Berlin – East Berlin
Residents fledShowed failure of communist E.
Khrushchev wanted to close all access roads to W. Berlin
Kennedy refused Khrushchev’s solution – seal border
BERLIN WALL
Ended the crisis but aggravated Cold War tensions.
EASING TENSIONS April 1963 – hotline
established US-SU White House to Kremlin
Limited Test Ban Treaty Banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere US-SU
SECTION 2
THE NEW FRONTIER
THE CAMELOT YEARS Name given to the Kennedy years Grace, elegance, wit…art, culture Country was fascinated by the First
Family 1,600 words a minute Young intellectuals – Mc George
Bundy, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, Robert Kennedy
THE NEW FRONTIER Kennedy’s legislative agenda Had trouble putting his plan in
action Congress would not pass
programs Medical care for aged Rebuild urban areas Aid for education
Kennedy did not have a popular mandate
He was, however, successful in getting to pass some programs. Economy National defense International aid Massive space program
STIMULATING THE ECONOMY US was in a recession and
unemployment was up to 6% Used deficit spending to put
money back into economy (ND) Gave people a tax cut Government was spending
more money than it received!!!!
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
Got almost 20% of budget increase Flexible response…
INTERNATIONAL AID
Peace Corps – campaign promise Volunteer assistance for developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Alliance for Progress Offered economic and technical assistance to help Latin American countries improve their living conditions
Intended somewhat to stopCastro from spreading ideas to other Latin American countries.
SPACE PROGRAM April 12, 1961 – SU – Vostok
First manned spaceship Kennedy and Congress
supported landing a man on moon before decade was over NASA started to build new facilities at Cape Canaveral and Houston
1961 – Alan Shepard – Brief flight - no orbit
February 20, 1962 – John Glenn Orbited Earth 3 times
1962 – Telstar Communication satellite
TV pictures from Maine to Europe
July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong First man on the moon
EFFECTS OF SPACE PROGRAM
Better education Advances in computers New industries developed Rapid growth in south and
west
NEW DOMESTIC AGENDA
Harrington – “The Other America” 42 million – Less than $1,000
Kennedy redirected his focus to address the poor and civil rights issues
APPROVAL RATING Almost 60 % supported
Kennedy November 22, 1963 Air Force One landed in Dallas
Mend fences Warm reception
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON
Took office aboard Air Force One
LEE HARVY OSWALD
Charged with the murder Palm print was on the rifle 24 years old Former marine – dishonorable
discharge
Lived in SU – Castro supporter
JACK RUBY
November 24, 1963 Shot and killed Oswald
November 25, 1963 Kennedy’s Funeral
WEEK 11 JOURNAL 43
Copy the following:There will be at least one Hot Topic Quiz
each week until the State Test on December 5.
Answer the following:What are the major issues Kennedy
addressed during his administration?
WARREN COMMISSION Headed by Chief Justice Earl
Warren Investigate assassination
Concluded that :Oswald killed KennedyProbably acted alone
1979 CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE
Reinvestigated assassination Concluded that :
Oswald probably killed Kennedy
He acted in a conspiracy with unknown others
Possibly 2 others fired at Kennedy
MANY DIFFERENT THEORIES
Plot by anti-Castro Cubans Communist sponsored
attack Conspiracy by the CIA
Led by Johnson
Americans learned that the US system of government was very sturdy in a crisis
Smooth transition from Kennedy to Johnson
SECTION 3
THE GREAT SOCIETY
FROM TEXAS TO CAPITOL HILL
Elected in 1937 to House of Representatives
FDR liked his style / became friends 1948 – elected to Senate 1955 – became Senate majority
leader As congressman he was very good
at persuading others to his view
Kennedy liked Johnson’s approach and his connections
CIVIL RIGHTS OF 1957
A voting rights act First civil rights legislation
passed since reconstruction (1875)
JOHNSON TAKES OFFICE Continued Kennedy’s tax cut
and civil rights bills Feb. 1964 – Tax cut bill passed
Stimulated the consumer spending which led to profits for corporations which gave more tax $ to the government to help cut the deficit from 6 billion to 4 billion
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Passed July of 1964 Prohibited discrimination in public facilities based on race, religion, national origin, or gender
Gave Federal Government power to enforce it
JOHNSON’S WAR ON POVERTY Also read “The Other America” Early in ‘64 he declared war on
poverty August of ‘64 Congress passed Economic Opportunity Act
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT
Established the following Job Corps
Youth training programs VISTA –
volunteers in service to America Head Start
Educational programs for underprivileged preschoolers
Community Program Encouraged poor to participate in public works
1964 ELECTION Johnson – Democrat – liberal – did
not want involvement in Vietnam Campaign commercials
A girl picking daisy petals fading into a mushroom of bomb smoke
Johnson won in a landslide Democrats also won majority in
Congress – easier to pass his agenda
THE GREAT SOCIETY Johnson’s programs From 1965 to 1966 Johnson’s
administration introduced many bills to congress
By 1969 Congress has passed 206 of Johnson’s bills
Most, Johnson worked to pass himself
POVERTY Medical Care Act of 1965 Established :
MedicareMedical care for Americans 65 and up
MedicaidMedical care for the needy
CITIES Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD) Congress appropriated $ to build low rent public housing and help low-moderate income families pay for better public housing
ROBERT WEAVER
Secretary of HUD FIRST AFRICAN – AMERICAN CABINET MEMBER - EVER
EDUCATION Elementary and Secondary
Education Act of 1965 Provided more than 1 billion $$$ in federal aid for textbooks and library supplies
First major federal aid package for education in US history
DISCRIMINATION
Immigration Act of 1965 Established a quota system for immigrants
No more than 20,000 from any one country
ENVIRONMENT Water Quality Act of 1965
Required states to clean up rivers
Air Quality Act of 1967 Set federal air pollution guidelines and extended federal enforcement power
CONSUMER ADVOCACY Truth in Packing Act of 1966 Set standards for labeling
consumer goods
RALPH NADER – young lawyer that criticized auto industry for not including safety features
ADD THESE TO THE OUTLINE
National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act – 1966 Set federal safety standards for Auto and tire industries
Department of Transportation Created to deal with national air, rail, and highway transportation
22nd Amendment – Passed by congress in 1947 – ratified in 1951
Limited presidential terms Can be elected to no more than two four year terms Can serve up to ten years if finishing out previous
president’s term
23rd Amendment – Passed congress in 1960 – ratified 1961
District of Colombia has the right to vote for president and vice-president.
24th AMENDMENT
1964 Eliminated the poll tax
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 Dropped the literacy test to vote
REFORMS OF THE WARREN COURT
Wave of liberal decisions starting with Brown v. Board of Ed. (1954)
Banned prayer in public schools Declared state required loyalty
oaths unconstitutional Limited communities power to
censor books and films
One more Warren Reform
Extended freedom of speech to include symbolic speech Wearing black armbands to protest the war
REAPPORTIONMENT Redrawing of district lines to
compensate for population shifts From rural areas to urban areas
Several court cases were involved Baker v. Carr Reynolds v. Sims
RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
Many cases had an impact on these changes
MAPP V. OHIO
1961 Evidence seized illegally
could not be used
GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT
1963 Required criminal courts to
provide free legal council for the accused if they could not afford it
ESCOBEDO V. ILLINOIS
1964 The accused had the right
to have their lawyer present when questioned
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA 1966 All suspects must be read their
rights (MIRANDA RIGHTS) You have the right to remain
silent…… Very debated - Liberals praised it
Conservatives criticized it
IMPACT OF THE GREAT SOCIETY
Was the nation better or worse? New awareness of social problems
Civil rights Poverty
War on poverty worked – number of poor feel (25% in ‘62 to 11% in 73)
MORE IMPACT Tax cut stimulated economy Funding Great Society caused a
budget deficit (lasted for more than 3 decades)
Conservative backlash began to develop – Ronald Regan was elected governor of California – 1966
Vietnam War took funds away from the Great Society
HAWK In 1964 Johnson ran for
president as a peace candidate against the war (remember the commercial?)
He would be labeled a HAWK because he changed to support the war in Vietnam.
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