Poverty is the principal cause of hunger
Undernourishment around the world, 1990-92 to 2012-14
1990-92 2012-14
(million) ( %) (million) (%)
World 1,014.5 18.7 805.3 11.3
Developed regions 20.4 < 5.0 14.6 < 5.0
Developing regions 994.1 23.4 790.7 14.5
Africa 182.1 27.7 226.7 20.5
Sub-Saharan Africa 176.0 33.3 214.1 23.8
Asia 742.6 23.7 525.6 12.7
Eastern Asia 295.2 23.2 161.2 10.8
South-Eastern Asia 138.0 30.7 63.5 10.3
Southern Asia 291.7 24.0 276.4 15.8
Latin America & Carib. 68.5 15.3 37.0 6.1
FAO, 2014
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
Urban Rural
Stunting, Wasting and Underweight Among Children Under Five Years by Caste/Tribe
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India201107/11/2015 CTN
CTN
UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALAKOT
Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi
Chethan T.UHS14PGD76
IInd Ph.D (Hort.)
Weeds: Common source of nutrition to tribal community
Seminar-I
12/19/2015
CTN
Topic division
07/11/2015
IntroductionHistory of weeds
Status & ScenarioDiversity of underutilized vegetablesWeeds as Uncommon
source of nutrientsWeeds at IDP campsEdible weeds of tribes in IndiaWeeds as protective
foodsConclusion
CTN
Weed
Survive in diverse environments and reproduce quickly
A plant in the wrong place
A herbaceous plant not valued for use or beauty, growing wild and rank, and regarded as cumbering the ground or hindering the growth of superior vegetation.
07/11/2015
1
-- The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principle
Plant Place Perception Weeds ecology
3P’s2
07/11/2015 CTN
• Traditional foods are those which indigenous peoples have access to locally, without having to purchase them, within traditional knowledge and the natural environment from farming or wild harvesting .
– Kuhnlein et al., 2009.
History • It has long been assumed that weeds, in the sense of rapidly-
evolving plants taking advantage of human-disturbed environments, evolved in response to the Neolithic agricultural revolution approximately 12,000 years ago.
• Researchers have found evidence of "proto-weeds" behaving in similar ways at Ohalo II, a 23,000-year-old archaeological site in Israel.
History never ends….
3
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Shakespearean sonnet: "To thy fair flower add the rank smell of weeds: / But
why thy odour matcheth not thy show, / The soil is this, that thou dost common grow.“
4
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Status & Scenario
• Tribal population still stores a vast knowledge of local plants as food material and other specific uses. - Sundriyal and sundriyal,
2004
• Quiet a number of plants considered as weeds in modern science have significant value in tribes diet.
5
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world:• Approximately, there are 30,000 weed species globally.
• 89 % of wide spread & aggressive weeds are edible. - Gisella et al., 2012.
India• SC & ST – 25 % of the total population
- Census of India, 2011
• Tribes constitute of 8 % of the total population.
• 800 species of plants consumed as wild vegetables. - Society of Tribal Women for Development, 2014
6
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Fig-1: Major countries facing malnutrition in world7
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, 2010
Malnutrition in India8
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<25%25 -34 %
35 -39 %40 % or more
Fig- 2: Percentage of Children, Who Are Underweight
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
9
07/11/2015 CTN
Fig-3 :Percentage of Women (15-49 Years) Who are too thin
<25%25 -34 %
35 -39 %40 % or more
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
10
07/11/2015 CTN
Fig-4: Percentage of Women (15-49 Years) Who Are Overweight
<25%25 -34 %
35 -39 %40 % or more
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
11
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Fig-5: Mortality by malnutrition in children
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
12
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National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3),India2011
Fig-6: Stunting, wasting and under weight among children by mother’s education
13
07/11/2015 CTN
Ecological significance of weeds Competition with cultivated and endemic plants
Benefits of weed species– Role in mass extinctions.
– Weeds as adoptable species.
– Plants often considered to be weeds.
14
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Diversity of underutilized vegetables
15
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Objectives:- 1. Identification of leafy vegetables plant species in Durg dist. 2. Documentation of identified leafy vegetables in the study area. 3. Ethnobotanical uses of edible plant species.
16
07/11/2015 CTNChauhan et al., 2014
Table -1:The identified and collected weeds according to their local names, in different tribal and local languages
Sl. No. Common name Botanical name Family Ethnobotanical
plant part
1. Amrul / tinpania Bhaji Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Leaves
2. Bathua Bhaji Chenopdium album L. Chenopodiaceae Leaves & seeds
3. Bohar bhaji Cordia myxa Roxb. Borangaceaea Leaves
4. Charota bhaji Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniceae Leaves
5. Chaulai kata Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Leaves & seeds
6. Gol bhaji Partulaca oleraceae L. Partulacaceae Whole plant
7. Gumee bhaji Leucas cephalotes Lamiaceae Leaves , flower
8. Haramgi Shorea robusta L. Dipterocarpaceae Young Leaves
9. Hurhuria bhaji Cleome viscosa Capparidaceae Leaves & seeds
10. Jadi bhaji Amaranthus gangaticus Amaranthaceae Leaves & stemContin….
Chauhan et al., 201417
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Sl. No. Common name Botanical name Family Ethnobotanical
plant part11. Jillo bhaji Lathyrus sp. Papilionaceae Leaves
12. Karmota bhaji Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Leaves
13. Kaunaakeny bhaji Commelina bengalensis Commelinaceae Leaves
14. Kusum bhaji Carthemnus oxycantha Asteraceae Leaves
15. Masaria bhaji Corchorus acutangulus Tiliaceae Leaves
16. Muskeny bhaji Merremia emarginata Convolvulaceae Leaves
17. Patawa bhaji Hibiscus cannibinus Malvaceae Leaves
18. Patharri bhaji Boerhaavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Leaves
19. Poi bhaji Basella rubra L. Basellaceae Leaves
20. Salsa bhaji Trianthema portulacastrum
Aizoaceae Leaves
Chauhan et al., 2014
Continued…. 18
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Fig-7: Plant parts used by tribes of Chhattisgarh
Chauhan et al., 2014
19
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Fig-8: Number of plant species with respect to their family
Chauhan et al., 2014
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Weeds as vegetables for sticky rice growers of Thailand
21
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• 87 wild food plants• 65 plants as vegetables.• 2/3rd (66%) are weeds.• 43 weed species were focused
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Table-2: List of weeds consumed as vegetable in Kalasin, Thailand
B. N. Status in GCWWeed in
rice fields of SE Asia
Weed in rice field of
ThailandEdible part Additional use
Amaranthus viridis Agri. Weed shoot Food, medicine &
fodder
Basella rubra Agri. weed, econo. weed shoot Food & medicine
Cassia siamea Envi. weed, econo. Weed shoot Food, medicine &
cleaning
Centella asiatica Agri. weed, econo. weed Whole aerial
parts Food, medicine
Coccinia grandis Agri. weed, noxious weed Shoot,
flower, fruitFood, medicine &
fodder
Cuscuta chinensis Agri. weed, econo. weed Whole aerial
parts Food
Ipomoea aquaticaAgri. weed, econo. weed,Noxious weed
Shoot Food, medicine & fodder
Contin….
Gisella et al., 201223
07/11/2015 CTN
Continued….
B. N. Status in GCWWeed in
rice fields of SE Asia
Weed in rice field of
ThailandEdible part Additional use
Leucaena leucocephala
Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Noxious weed
Shoot, leaves, fruit
Food, medicine, fodder & fuel
Ludwigia adscendens
Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. weed
Shoot, leaves, stem
Food, medicine & fodder
Momordica charantia
Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. Weed
Shoot & fruit Food & medicine
Neptunia oleracea
Naturalised, Econo. weed Shoot Food
Nymphae pubescens
Agri. weed, Econo. weed,Envi. Weed
Stalk of flower Food & medicine
Senna sophera Naturalised, Econo. weed
Shoot, flower, fruit Food & medicine
Spirogyra sp. Econo. weed Whole aerial parts Food & medicine
Gisella et al., 2012 24
Table-3: List of most salient weeds out of the free list of wild vegetables
Gisella et al., 2012
25
Weeds as uncommon source of nutrients
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07/11/2015 CTN
• 5 tribal tehsils i.e. jhdol, kotra, kherwada, sarada and salumber of udaipur dist.
• Tribes : bheel, Meena, Gharsala and Kathodi• 9 weeds were shortlisted.
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Table-4: Details of leafy vegetables identified during group discussions and their utilization
Scientific name Family Local name Utilization
Asphodelius tenuifolius Liliaceae Piyagi / wanzoo
Decoction of leaves taken orally for toxemia
Cassia tora Leguminaceae Puaria/ punwad
Fresh leaves cooked with maize (nourishing)
Centella asiatica Apiaceae Brahami bhuti
Leaf juice mix with palm jaggery, decoction of leaves.
Euphorbia royleana Euphorbiaceae Thor Leaves are poisonous if not cooked properly
Marsilis minuta Marsiliaceae Jhalod ri bhaji
Incorporate in dhoklas & kadhi
Bhati and Jain,2015Contin…..
28
07/11/2015 CTN
Scientific name Family Local name Utilization
Meliotus indica Fabaceae Pili sangi/ mooda
Once or twice a year then person not suffer from malaria
Polygonum glabrum Polygonaceae Pani vala/ jal nala
Whole plant is purgative. Pakories made by mixing leaves. Juice for colic.
Portulaca oleraceae Portulacaceae Lunakiya Sour in taste, cure kidney disease
Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Gokhru
Infusion of whole plant orally with milk increase sexual power to cure gonorrhea.
Bhati and Jain, 2015
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FAO’s food balance data
• It has been calculated that about 20% of the world’s population could be at risk of zinc deficiency.
• The average daily intake of Zn is less than 70 μg per day.– Holt & Brown, 2004.
• 7 out of every 10 young children are anaemic.
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Samples
Fresh sampleStored in sealed polybags at
-18±5ºc
Dry sampleDried at 45±5ºc in
hot air oven
ground to fine powder in a
sieve(1 mm) • Atomic absorption spectrophotometer- ca, mg, fe, zn & cu• HPLC - β carotene
Bhati and Jain, 2015
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Table- 5: Proximate composition of weeds per 100gm
Scientific name Moisture(g)
Protein (g)
Fat(g)
Ash(g)
Fibre(g)
CHO(g)
Energy(Kcal)
Asphodelius tenuifolius - 20.24±0.3 3.67±0.1 10.1±0.1 12.3±0.1 53.7±0.3 328.7±0.8
Cassia tora 84.92±0.5 29.38±1.1 5.67±0.6 11.69±0.8 9.52±0.1 43.7±0.7 343.6±3.0
Centella asiatica 85.71±0.3 19.17±0.1 2.43±0.2 18.27±0.2 10.63±0.1 49.5±0.3 296.5±1.3
Euphorbia royleana 93.53±0.6 11.68±0.2 9.47±0.1 14.15±0.5 9.04±0.1 55.6±0.1 354.5±0.3
Marsilis minuta 70.14±1.8 24.52±0.7 3.17±0.2 8.32±0.1 10.64±0.1 53.2±0.8 340.3±2.3
Meliotus indica 79.57±0.6 30.45±0.6 5.27±0.6 10.58±0.6 7.47±0.4 46.2±0.2 354.1±1.7
Polygonum glabrum 84.86±0.8 28.90±0.2 2.37±0.6 12.44±0.5 7.62±0.1 48.6±0.7 331.6±2.3
Portulaca oleraceae 90.94±0.2 19.26±0.5 3.37±0.1 26.37±0.5 7.47±0.2 43.5±0.4 281.45±2.0
Tribulus terrestris 82.16±0.3 20.92±0.4 1.63±0.2 16.55±0.3 16.6±0.2 44.2±0.6 275.92±1.6
*on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015
32
S. name Ca(mg)
Mg(mg)
Fe (mg)
Zn(mg)
Cu (mg)
A. tenuifolius 853.3±1.2 63.2±0.9 44.3±0.8 11.2±0.7 0.91±0.3
C. tora 976.6±0.5 72.9±0.8 53.9±0.6 9.73±0.4 0.92±0.3
C. asiatica 893.4±1.5 72.8±0.8 59.0±0.8 23.7±1.0 1.32±0.1
E. royleana 793.9±0.9 81.5±0.9 17.0±0.4 13.9±0.6 2.78±0.1
M. minuta 66.5±0.6 54.0±0.3 28.1±1.4 4.54±0.1 0.42±0.0
M. indica 755.5±1.0 71.1±0.8 43.4±0.7 9.85±0.9 1.11±0.0
P. glabrum 719.5±1.7 75.9±0.9 53.1±1.3 6.12±0.3 0.25±0.0
P. oleraceae 799.1±0.5 134.3±0.6 97.0±0.7 42.8±1.0 2.54±0.2
T. terrestris 1935.5±1.0 93.5±1.8 47.9±1.0 9.73±0.4 0.92±0.0
Table-6: Minerals and vitamins composition in selected weeds per 100gm
*minerals on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015
33
S. name β-carotene(g)
Ascorbic acid(mg)
Oxalic acid(mg)
Tannin(g)
A. tenuifolius 849.3±1.5 67.8±2.2 172.5±2.6 8.0±0.5
C. tora 6300.7±1.5 38.3±0.1 31.5±0.0 9.2±0.5
C. asiatica 2890.7±1.5 69.3±0.3 75.0±2.6 6.6±0.5
E. royleana 850.7±0.7 68.0±1.9 337.5±0.0 8.0±1.0
M. minuta 491.5±1.5 33.7±2.3 10.5±2.6 7.7±0.0
M. indica 960.3±1.1 88.1±0.5 166.5±0.0 8.3±0.5
P. glabrum 849.7±0.5 40.4±2.4 91.5±2.6 9.5±0.0
P. oleraceae 940.6±0.6 61.9±1.5 601.5±2.6 7.5±0.5
T. terrestris 2100.3±1.1 42.1±1.6 34.5±2.6 10.9±0.5
Table-7: Anti nutritional composition in selected weeds per 100gm
*β-carotene, Ascorbic acid and Oxalic acid on fresh weight basis,*Tannins on dry weight basis, *± standard deviation Bhati and Jain, 2015
34
Weeds at IDP camps
35
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• Four broad leaf weeds were analyzed for proximate composition.
• Weed samples were collected randomly from the fields, road sides and waste areas surrounded from I.D.Ps camps settled in Peshawar
Khan and Khan , 2012
36
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Table- 8: List of collected weed species used by IDPs as a food 37
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Table- 9: Mineral content of selected wild leafy vegetables on dry weight basis(mg)
Khan and Khan , 2012
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Table- 10: Macronutrient content of selected wild leafy vegetables (mg) on dry weight basis
Khan and Khan , 2012
39
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Fig-10: Graphical presentation of proximate composition of weeds (g)
Khan and Khan , 2012
40
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Edible weeds of tribes in India
41
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• 10 ethnic groups• Tribal groups: Santhal, Sounti, Gond, Juang, Kol, Bhumiz, Oraon,
Munda, Kharwar and Chero• 43 species of weeds
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Table-11: Edible weeds of tribal of eastern India
S. N. Tribes Habitat & Edible part
Portulaca quadrifida Kol & Munda Herb grows in waste lands. Consume leaves in rainy season.
Marsilea minuta All tribes Herb of wet places. Consume leaves.
Medicago lupulina Munda Annual weed of wheat & pea fields. Eat young plants.
Melochia corchorifolia Santhal In bunds of rice field and waste places. Consume leaves
Centella asiatica Oraon & Munda
Herb, found in wet places, consume as vegetable
Cassia tora All tribes Weed in waste land during summer, eaten as vegetable, leaves
Sinha and Lakra, 2007Conti….
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S. N. Tribes Habitat & Edible part
Cleome viscosa All tribesPubescent herb in cultivated & uncultivated fields, consume young plants
Celosia cristata Oraon Annual herb, found in upland during rainy season, consume leaves.
Chenopodium album All tribes Weed grows with rabi crops, eat as curry
Spergula arvensis Oraon Weed in cultivated fields of gram, pea. Consume leaves
Leucas cephalotes All tribes Weed in kharif crops, consume leaves
Rumex maritimus Bhumiz & Oraon
Annual Weed grows in waste places. Consume leaves
Sinha and Lakra, 2007
Continued…..44
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• Rapport building and community mobilization
• Door to door interview• Focal group discussions (FGD’s)
07/11/2015 CTN
45
Table- 12 : Wild Edible Plants Consumed by Rajgond Tribe
Scientific name Family Habitat & Edible part
Alocasia macrorhiza Araceae Road side in August-November. Leaves
Capparis zeylanica L. Capparaceae Climber of hilly area, fruits cook as vegetable.
Cassia tora Caesalpinaceaea Herb of waste land in winter. Leaves
Clerodendrum seratum Verbenaceae Shrub in forest, young leaves.
Alocasia macrorhiza Araceae Grows on Water bodies, leaves
Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Grass in forest, young shoot
Dioscoria bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Climber in forest, tuber.
Ipomoea muricata Convolvuluceae Weed along fences in village, Aug.-Nov., fruits
Deshpande et al., 2015
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• Special findings:-
• Arogyapaccha: Tricopus zeylanicus
• Edible part – Unripe fruit
• Eaten by tribes to remain healthy and
agile during tracking trips in hills.
• Daily consumption
Deshpande et al., 2015
47
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Weeds for self and species preservation
48
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• 50 wild leafy vegetables.
• 31 family, 38 genera & 50 species.
49
07/11/2015 CTN Singh, 2014
Table- 13: List of Wild Leafy Vegetable Plants of Chotanagpur
B. N. Family Habit & Habitat Season Method of consumption
Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae
HerbWeed in waste
fieldsAug. –Feb.
Fresh leaves together with other spinach greens are cooked and eaten.
Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae
HerbWeed in wet & cultivated fields
July – Jan. Fried/Roasted then eaten
Basella rubra Basellaceae Herb
Weeds, often cultivated.
Sept.-MarStem and leaves are used to prepare curry.
Bigonia picta Bigoniaceae HerbWeed in wet land Aug.-Nov.
Leaves are collected, cooked as curry and taken.
Butomopsis latifolia Alismataceae
Annual HerbWeed , aquatic &
marshyWhole year
Boiled then water is squeezed out and then cooked as pot herb.
Singh, 2014
Contin….
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Continued….
B. N. Family Habit & Habitat Season Method of consumption
Cassia tora CaesalpiniceaeHerb
Weed in waste fields
Mar.-may Tender leaves are cooked and eaten
Chinopodium album Chenopodiaceae
HerbWeed along with
rabi cropsRainy
Leaves and young shoots are collected, fried/ roasted then eaten.
Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae
HerbWeed in mud &
water bodies
Whole year
Leaves and tender shoots are collected, cooked and then eaten
Sagittaria sagittifolia Alismataceae
HerbWeed , aquatic &
marshy
Whole year
Boiled then water is squeezed out and then cooked as pot herb
Monochoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Weed , aquatic &
marshy Apr.-Sept.Cooked/Steamed and eaten
Singh, 2014
51
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Table - 14: Composition of Wild Leafy Vegetable Plants as per their habits
Singh, 2014
52
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Weeds as protective food
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• Qualitative methods:- 1. Free listing and Focal Group Discussions (FGDs)2. Pairwise Ranking
• Quantitative methods:-1. Identification of Food Samples2. Nutrient Analysis
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Jerath et al., 201507/11/2015 CTN
Table- 15: List of wild plants with nutritive value
Local Name Botanical Name Energy (Kcal)
Protein(g)
CHO(g)
Vit C(g)
Ca(mg)
Sarla saag Vangueria spinosa 86 4.0 14.9 - 127
Saru saag Colocasia anti-quorum 56 3.9 6.8 12 227
Spinach Spinacea oleraca 27 3.4 2.9 28 73
Radish leaves Raphanus sativus 16 0.6 3.4 14.8 25
Munga saag Muranga oleifera 92 6.7 12.5 220 440
Phutkal saag Ficus geniculata 37 23.2 5.3 - 116
Local Name Common name Energy (Kcal)
Protein(g)
CHO(g)
Vit C(g)
Ca(mg)
Demla Red ants with eggs 131 13.4 9.1 - 104
Moosa Field rats 104 23.6 0.1 - 30
Perua Pigeon 137 23.6 - - 12
55
Jerath et al., 201507/11/2015 CTN
Table- 16: Pairwise ranking flip chart
*Note : Munga saag-10, Phutkal saag- 8, Sarla saag- 4, spinach-4, Saru saag- 2, Radish leaves- 2
Sarla saag Saru saag Spinach Radish leaves
Munga saag
Phutkal saag
Sarla saag x Sarla saag Spinach Sarla saag Munga saag
Phutkal saag
Saru saag Sarla saag x Saru saag Radish leaves
Munga saag
Phutkal saag
Spinach Spinach Saru saag x Spinach Munga saag
Phutkal saag
Radish leaves Sarla saag Radish
leaves Spinach x Munga saag
Phutkal saag
Munga saag
Munga saag
Munga saag
Munga saag
Munga saag x Munga
saagPhutkal
saagPhutkal
saagPhutkal
saagPhutkal
saagPhutkal
saagMunga
saag x
56
Jerath et al., 201507/11/2015 CTN
CTN
• Weeds are nature’s gift.
• These weeds are majorly involved in the conservation of local biodiversity.
• Weeds are closely related with the poverty and socio economic condition.
• Germplasm collection of wild plants.
12/19/2012
57
Conclusion
Thank you…
• About 2.3 crore children in India, up to 6 years of age, are suffering from malnourishment and are under-weight, according to a status report on the anganwadi (day care center) programme, officially known as ICDS.
• This staggering number amounts to over 28% of the 8 crore children who attend anganwadis across India.
• The status report includes state-wise data for underweight children. In Bihar, the proportion of under-weight children is nearly 50%. Andhra Pradesh (37%), Uttar Pradesh (36%), Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh (both 32%) are some of the other large states with a high proportion of children being malnourished.
• Delhi reported that a shockingly high 35% of the nearly 7 lakh children who attend anganwadis were underweight. This shows that the extent of poverty and malnutrition amongst the urban poor is comparable to rural areas despite all the advantages the cities offer.
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