1 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Course Content
WCDMA & HSPA fundamentals
Radio network planning fundamentals
Coverage dimensioning
Capacity dimensioning
Coverage & capacity improvements
NSN radio network solution
Site Optimization Aspects
Initial Parameter Planning
2 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:
• Understand the main cellular standards & allocated frequency bands
• Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface
• Explain the HSPA principles
• List the HSPA Physical Channels and their tasks
3 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Standardisation of UMTS/HSPA (3GPP Rel. 99, 4 – 10)
• IMT-2000 / UMTS frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
4 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UMTS Release 99
• 3GPP is responsible for the standardisation of UMTS.
• In December 1999, the first UMTS Release, the so-called Release 99, was frozen.
• UMTS Rel. 99 is based on the large experience of GSM/GPRS standardisation, taking over many principles of the matured GSM/GPRS network, protocol and service architecture.
• The UMTS Rel. 99 network consists of a slightly modified, advanced and matured GSM/GPRS Core Network (CS & PS Domain), the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN and the User Equipment UE.
UMTS Release 4
Continuing the 3GPP evolution, Release 4 enhanced UMTS 2001 via several features, e.g.:• Bearer independent CS Core Network• CAMEL Phase 4• UTRA FDD repeater function• low chip rate TDD mode • 700 MHz support for GERAN• Transcoder Free Operation
UMTS Release 99 & Release 4
5 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
3GPP Release 5 & 6
UMTS Release 5
UMTS Release 5 has been closed end of 2002, including several Core Network and Radio Interface enhancements such as:
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); peak rates up to 14 Mbps
• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
• Wideband AMR
• Location Services enhancements
• UMTS in 1800/1900 MHz bands
UMTS Release 6
UMTS Release 6 was frozen 09/2005, containing features such as:• FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA); peak rates up to 5.76 Mbps
• WLAN-UMTS Interworking
• IMS Phase 2
• Multimedia Messaging (MMS) enhancements
• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
• UE Receive Diversity
6 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases
Year1999 2001
matured GSM/GPRS CN+ UTRAN+ WCDMA Air Interfaceup to 384 kbps (2 Mbps)
• Bearer independent CS CN• CAMEL Phase 4• UTRA FDD repeater• low chip rate TDD mode
• HSDPA (14 Mbps)• IMS Phase 1• W-AMR• enhanced Location Services• 1800/1900 MHz
• HSUPA (5.76 Mbps)• IMS Phase 2• WLAN-Interworking• MBMS• Push-services
Release 99 Release 99
Release 4Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
2002/03 2005
7 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
3GPP Release 7 & 8
UMTS Release 7
UMTS Release 7 has been closed end of 2007, including important UMTS/HSPA enhancements, improving the UMTS peak rates and spectral efficiency:
• Higher order Modulation: 64QAM for the DL (up to 21 Mbps); 16QAM for the UL (up to 11.5 Mbps)
• 2x2 MIMO (up to 28 Mbps)
• Network Architecture Improvements: Direct Tunneling GGSN - RNC
• Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC / VoIP
• Enhanced UE Receiver
• Enhanced Cell_FACH
• Flexible RLC
• …
3GPP Release 8
3GPP Release 8 was frozen 03/2009, containing further HSPA improvements as well as the UMTS Long Term Evolution LTE and the Evolved Packet System EPS:
• LTE (up to 303 Mbps)
• EPS
• Dual-Cell HSDPA (up to 42 Mbps)
• Combination of 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM (up to 42 Mbps)
8 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
3GPP Release 9 & 10
3GPP Release 9
3GPP Release 9 has been closed end of 2009, including HSPA+ enhancements and initial LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) definitions.
• Dual-Cell HSDPA, 2x2 MIMO & 64QAM (up to 84 Mbps)
3GPP Release 10
3GPP Release 10 is expected to be closed early 2011; central focus will be on LTE-Advanced ; furthermore, definition of Multi-Carrier HSPA for UL & DL is expected
• LTE-Advanced (up to 1 Gbps DL & 500 Mbps UL for low mobility/Indoor) as IMT-Advanced proposal (4G)
• Multi-Carrier HSDPA (DL: up to 3 or 4 carrier delivering up to 126 resp. 168 Mbps)
• Dual-Carrier HSUPA (UL: up to 23 Mbps)
9 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases
Year2007 2008/09
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
HSPA+:• DL 64QAM (21 Mbps)• UL 16QAM (11.5 Mbps)• 2x2 MIMO: (28 Mbps)• Direct tunneling• CPC• Voice over HSPA• Enhanced RLC
Release 7
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
Release 7
Release 8
HSPA+:• DL 64QAM & MIMO (42 Mbps)• DC-HSDPA (42 Mbps)
LTE: • UL (75 Mbps)• DL (303 Mbps)
EPC: Evolved Packet Core
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
Release 7
Release 8
Release 9
2009/10
HSPA+:• DL 64QAM, MIMO & DC-HSDPA (84 Mbps)LTE-Advanced: • Initial description
HSPA+:• MC-HSDPA (126/168 Mbps)• DC-HSUPA (23 Mbps)LTE-Advanced: • UL (500 Mbps)• DL (> 1Gbps)
(planned/expected)
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Release 6
Release 7
Release 8
Release 9
Release 10
2010/11
10 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
IMT-2000 / UMTS frequency allocations2200 MHz20001900 1950 2050 2100 21501850
JapanIMT-2000
PH
S
IMT-2000
ITU
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
EuropeUMTS(FDD)D
EC
T
UM
TS
(T
DD
)
GSM1800
UM
TS
(T
DD
)
UMTS(FDD)
USA
PC
S
un
lic
en
se
d
PCSPCS
UM
TS
(T
DD
)IM
T-2
000
(TD
D)
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
Mo
bile
S
atel
lite
ITU-R • responsible for world-wide Radio Communication aspects
• setting requirements for 3G / 4G Mobile Communication (IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced)
• World Radio Conference WRC 1992: IMT-2000 frequency allocation proposals
national regulation authorities:
• responsible for national frequency allocation & licensing process
•GSM spectrum refarming is also possible
11 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution
• Release 99• I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,
Japan, …• II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
• New in Release 5• III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
• New in Release 6• IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band• V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850• VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
• New in Release 7• VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz• VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900• IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
• New in Release 8• X 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHz• XI 1427.9 - 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 - 1500.9 MHz Japan• XII 698 – 716 MHz 728 – 746 MHz US 700 MHz band• XIII 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz• XIV 788 – 798 MHz 758 – 768 MHz
• New in Release 9• XV – XVIII reserved• XIX 830 – 845MHz 875 – 890 MHz
New with RU20Not supported by RU20 RAN
12 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• UMTS Air interface technologies
• WCDMA – FDD
• WCDMA vs. GSM
• CDMA principle
• Processing gain
• WCDMA codes and bit rates
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
13 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UMTS Air Interface technologies
• UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions• WCDMA – FDD
• WCDMA – TDD
• WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution• FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
• WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks• TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
• Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
• This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
14 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA – FDD technology
• Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)• All cells at same carrier frequency
• Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
• Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
• Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity• Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
• Compatibility with GSM technology• Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
15 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA Technology
5 M Hz
3.84 M Hz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode
Freq
uenc
y
TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMA Carrier
WCDMAWCDMA5 MHz, 1 carrier5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)TDMA (GSM)5 MHz, 25 carriers5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and frequency
17 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resourcemanagement algorithms
Network planning(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth givesmultipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packetscheduling
Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmitdiversity
Supported forimproving downlink
capacity
Not supported by thestandard, but can be
applied
High bit rates
Services withDifferent quality
requirements
Efficient packet data
18 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Multiple WCDMA carriers – Layered network
Micro BTS
1 10 km
50 - 100 m200 - 500 m
HCS-
Concept
HCS-
Concept
Pico Cell /Indoor:
F3
Micro Cell /Hotspot:
F2
F3F2 F1
F3
Macro Cell /Large Area Coverage
(Urban/Suburban/Rural):
F1
Macro BTS
19 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Spreading Code
Spread Signal
Data
Air Interface
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
Baseband Data
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
ChipChip
Despreading
Despreading
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
SF = Rchip/RdataSF = Rchip/Rdata
20 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Energy Box
Frequ
ency
Ban
d
Duration (t = 1/Rb)
Po
wer
/Hz
Originating Bit Received BitEnergy per bit = Eb = const
• Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
• BUT
• Same Energy per Bit
21 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
FrequencyPow
er d
ensi
ty (
Wat
ts/H
z)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
User bit rate R
sec84.3 MchipconstW
R
WdBGp Processing gain:
Spreading & Processing Gain
22 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Frequency (Hz)
Voice user (R = 12,2 kbit/s)
Packet data user (R = 384 kbit/s)
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (
W/H
z)
R
Frequency (Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (
W/H
z)
R
Gp=W/R=10 dB
• Spreading sequences have a different length
• Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Processing Gain Examples
23 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Transmission Power
Frequency
5MHz
Power density
Time
High bit rate user
Low bit rate user
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & PowerCorrelation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power
24 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA Codes
• In WCDMA 2 separate codes are used in the spreading operation• Channelization code
• Scrambling code
• Channelization Code (CC)• DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines physical
channel bit rate
• UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
• Scrambling Code (SC)• DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
• UL: separates users
512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes
512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes
25 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
DL Spreading & Multiplexing in WCDMA
User 3
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
X
CODE 3
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLINGCODE
RF
SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
Time
User 3
3.84 MHzRF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
CHANNELISATION codes:
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
DPCH1
DPCH2
DPCH3
26 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Channelization Code Tree
C4(0)=[1111]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=1 SF=2 SF= 4 SF= 8 SF= 16 SF= 256 SF=512...C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C16(15)=[...........]
C16(14)=[...........]
C16(13=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C16(11)=[...........]
C16(10)=[...........]
C16(9)=[............]
C16(8)=[............]
C16(7)=[............]
C16(6)=[............]
C16(5)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C16(3)=[............]
C16(2)=[............]
C0(0)=[1]
C2(1)=[1-1]
C2(0)=[11]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
Channelization Codes:
Walsh-Hadamard codes (OVSF codes)
• SF for the DL transmission*: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512• SF for the UL transmission*: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
* FDD onlyOVSF: Orthogonal variable spreading factor
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Half rate speechFull rate speech
128 kbps384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbolphyb RR 2_SF
WRSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
28 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling code C1
Scrambling code C2
C 1+ 3
C1+2C1+
1
C2
UE has simultaneous connection to two cells (soft handover)
29 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
RAKE Receiver
• Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells
Del
ay
1Code usedfor the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
Del
ay
2
Del
ay
3 Prerequisite for SHO
Prerequisite for SHO
31 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSDPA Principles
• HSDPA Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
32 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSDPA Principles
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) based on:• Node B decisions • Multi-code operation• Fast Link Adaptation
• Adaptive Modulation & Coding AMC
• Fast Packet Scheduling• Fast H-ARQ• Fast TTI = 2 ms*• Downwards Compatibility with R99
• (shared or dedicated carrier)
* TTI = 1 Subframe = 3 Slots = 2 msH-ARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
Motivation:- enhanced spectrum efficiency- higher peak rates >> 2 Mbps- higher cell throughput- reduced delay for ACK transmission- the main workhorse of 3G networks
3GPP Rel. 5; TS 25.308:
“HSDPA Overall Description”
3GPP Rel. 5; TS 25.308:
“HSDPA Overall Description”
•••up to 15 HS – Physical
DL Shared Channels
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Adaptive Modulation & Coding (1/2)
I
Q0000
0010
0011
0001
1000
1010
1011
1001
1100
1110
1111
1101
0100
0110
0111
0101
16QAM
4-Bit KeyingQPSK
2-Bit Keying
Q
I
(1,1)(0,1)
(1,0)(0,0)
HSDPA uses• QPSK• 16QAM• 64QAMdynamically based on quality of the radio link
34 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Adaptive Modulation & Coding (2/2)
RateMatching
Puncturing /Repetition
RateMatching
Puncturing /Repetition
Turbo Coding1/3
Turbo Coding1/3
EffectiveCode Rate:
1/4 - 3/4
HSDPA Adaptive Coding• based on the R’99 1/3 Turbo Coding
• Rate Matching: Puncturing or Repetition code rate: 1/6 – 4/4
• dynamically based on quality of the radio link
HSDPA Adaptive Coding• based on the R’99 1/3 Turbo Coding
• Rate Matching: Puncturing or Repetition code rate: 1/6 – 4/4
• dynamically based on quality of the radio link
35 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
C1,0 = [1]
C2,1 = [1-1]
C2,0 = [11]
C4,0 = [1111]
C4,1 = [11-1-1]
C4,2 = [1-11-1]
C4,3 = [1-1-11]
C8,0 = [11111111]
C8,1 = [1111-1-1-1-1]
C8,2 = [11-1-111-1-1]
C8,3 = [11-1-1-1-111]
C8,4 = [1-11-11-11-1]
C8,5 = [1-11-1-11-11]
C8,6 = [1-1-111-1-11]
C8,7 = [1-1-11-111-1]
C16,0 = [.........]
C16,1 = [.........]
C16,15 = [........]
C16,14 = [........]
C16,13 = [........]
C16,12 = [........]
C16,11 = [........]
C16,10 = [........]
C16,9 = [.........]
C16,8 = [.........]
C16,7= [.........]
C16,6 = [.........]
C16,5 = [.........]
C16,4 = [.........]
C16,3 = [.........]
C16,2 = [.........]
SF = 1 2 4 8 SF = 16 256 512...
SF = 16 240 ksymb/s
Multi-Code operation:
1..15 codes 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s
SF = 16 240 ksymb/s
Multi-Code operation:
1..15 codes 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s
Multi Code Operation (1/3)
36 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Multi Code Operation (2/3)
ModulationModulation
QPSKQPSK
Coding rateCoding rate
1/41/4
2/42/4
3/43/4
5 codes5 codes 10 codes10 codes 15 codes15 codes
600 kbps600 kbps 1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps5.4 Mbps
16QAM16QAM
2/42/4
3/43/4
4/44/4
2.4 Mbps2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps7.2 Mbps 10.8 Mbps10.8 Mbps
4.8 Mbps4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps14.4 Mbps
64QAM64QAM
3/43/4
5/65/6
4/44/4
5.4 Mbps5.4 Mbps 10.8 Mbps10.8 Mbps 16.2 Mbps16.2 Mbps
6.0 Mbps6.0 Mbps 12.0 Mbps12.0 Mbps 18.0 Mbps18.0 Mbps
7.2 Mbps7.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps14.4 Mbps 21.6 Mbps21.6 Mbps
64QAM 6 bits/symbol
RAS06: max. 15 Codes, 10 Mbps/user
RU10: max. 14.4 Mbps/user (16QAM)
From RU20 and on:64QAM (3GPP Rel. 7 feature) is included
37 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Multi Code Operation (3/3): HSDPA UE capability classesHS- DSCHcategory
max. No. ofHS-DSCH
Codes
min. * Inter-TTI interval
ModulationDual-Stream
MIMOsupported
PeakRate
1 5 3 (6 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps
2 5 3 QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps
3 5 2 (4 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 1.8 Mbps
4 5 2 QPSK/16QAM No 1.8 Mbps
5 5 1 (2 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 3.6 Mbps
6 5 1 QPSK/16QAM No 3.6 Mbps
7 10 1 QPSK/16QAM No 7 Mbps
8 10 1 QPSK/16QAM No 7 Mbps
9 15 1 QPSK/16QAM No 10 Mbps
10 15 1 QPSK/16QAM No 14 Mbps
11 5 2 QPSK only No 1 Mbps
12 5 1 QPSK only No 1.8 Mbps
13 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 17.4 Mbps
14 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 21.1 Mbps
15 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps
16 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps
17 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4 Mbps
18 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28 Mbps
19 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps
20 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps
* TTI: Transmission Time Interval
RU30 includes3GPP Rel. 8 feature:• DL 64QAM & MIMO
and 3GPP Rel. 9 feature:• DL 64QAM, MIMO & Dual-Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)
Details HSPA+
38 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
UEIub
Uu
Re
du
ce
dre
tran
sm
iss
ion
Re
du
ce
dre
tran
sm
iss
ion
RNC:functionalities
shifted toNode B
RNC:functionalities
shifted toNode B
„more intelligence“new functionalities
new UEs HSDPA Capability
Classes
new UEs HSDPA Capability
Classes
Network Modifications for HSDPA
• UTRAN & UE:
• modified PHY layer
• modified MAC: MAC-(e)hs
• modified transport and physical channels
• modified coding
• modified modulation
• new Node B / MAC-hs functionalities:• Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):
faster retransmission / reduced delays ! less Iub retransmission traffic ! higher spectrum efficiency !
• Fast Packet Scheduling fast & efficient resource allocation !
• Fast Link Adaptation Adaptive Modulation & Coding !
• compensation of fast fading (without fast PC) higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !
Node B
39 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 00 1 20 1 40 1 60- 202468
10121416
Time [number of TTIs]
QPSK1/4
QPSK2/4
QPSK3/4
16QAM 2/4
16QAM 3/4
Inst
anta
neou
s Es
No
[dB] C/I received by UE
Link adaptation mode
C/I varies with fading
BTS adjusts link adaptation mode with a few ms delay based on
channel quality reports from the UE
1 TTI = 2 ms
40 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Server RNC Node-B
UE
RLC retransmissions
TCP retransmissions
H-ARQ:MAC-hs Layer-1retransmissions
Fast H-ARQ
H-ARQ:• Incremental Redundancy IR• Chase Combining CC
Round-Trip Time: 16 ms
HARQRVConfigurationWBTS; 0 = Chase Combining, 1 = Incremental Redundancy
41 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Fast Packet Scheduling (1/2)
•••up to 15 HS – Physical
DL Shared Channels
Fast Packet Scheduling:• Node B decides allocation of HSDPA resources to UE every TTI = 2 ms• supported Packet Scheduler algorithm*:
• Round Robin RR• Proportional Fair PF (requires individual license)
* Type of scheduler set by HSDPA.BB.Resource.Allocation commissioning parameter
Round Robin RR
• assigns sub-frames in rotation • User at cell edge served as frequently as user at cell centre
• doesn’t account for UE’s channel conditions • Low total throughput in cell
• if no data have to be transferred to certain UE then sub-frame assigned to next UE
42 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Fast Packet Scheduling (2/2)
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4
USER 1 Es/N0USER 2 Es/N0
Scheduled user
Proportional Fair PF
• Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by UE• Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR
• Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric• Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past• User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre
43 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSDPA Principles
• HSDPA Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
44 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Physical Channel Overview
HS-PDSCHHigh-Speed Physical DL Shared Channel
HS-PDSCHHigh-Speed Physical DL Shared Channel
HS-SCCHHigh Speed Shared Control Channel
HS-SCCHHigh Speed Shared Control Channel
associated DCHDedicated Channel (Rel. 99)
associated DCHDedicated Channel (Rel. 99)
HS-DPCCHHigh Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-DPCCHHigh Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Node B
MAC-hs
F-DPCHFractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)
F-DPCHFractional Dedicated Physical Channel (Rel. 6/7)
45 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HS-PDSCH
SF= 1
SF= 2
SF= 4
SF= 8
SF=16Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH
allocated for other channels
••• up to 15 HS – PDSCHs
HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel• Transfer of actual HSDPA data• 5 - 15 code channels• QPSK or 16QAM modulation• 2 ms TTIs• Fixed SF16
46 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HS-SCCH• HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel
• L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame e.g. UE Identity, Channelisation Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information
• Fixed SF128• transmitted 2 slots in advance to HS-PDSCHs• NSN implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH• more than 1 HS-SCCH required when Code Multiplexing is used• RU20: up to 4 HS-SCCHs Codes
TBS: Transport Block Size
SF16HS-PDSCH
Time
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
Subframe2 ms
5
10
15
Field Number of uncoded bits
Channelisation Code set CCS
7 bits*
Modulation scheme information
1 bit*
Transport block size 6 bits
H-ARQ process information
3 bits
Redundancy & constellation version
3 bits
New data indicator 1 bit
UE Identity 16 bits
* Rel. 7: 7th bit of CCS set is used to indicate whether 64QAM is used. Usage of new HS-SCCH format indicated by higher layer
47 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HS-DPCCH
• UL HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel• MAC-hs Ack/Nack information (send when data received)
• Channel Quality Information (CQI reports send every 4ms, hardcoded period)
• Fixed SF 256
HARQ-ACK(10 bit)
1 Slot = 2560 chip 2 Slots = 5120 chip
Subframe # 0 Subframe # i Subframe # N
1 HS-DPCCH Subframe = 2ms
CQI (20 bit)Channel Quality Indication
TS 25.212: CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1;1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality
TS 25.212: CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1;1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality
48 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HS-DPCCH & CQI
••• up to 15 HS – PDSCHs
P-CPICH
UE observesP-CPICH (Ec/Io)
CQI*
1 137 1 QPSK 0
2 173 1 QPSK 0
3 233 1 QPSK 0
4 317 1 QPSK 0
5 377 1 QPSK 0
6 461 1 QPSK 0
7 650 2 QPSK 0
8 792 2 QPSK 0
9 931 2 QPSK 0
10 1262 3 QPSK 0
11 1483 3 QPSK 0
12 1742 3 QPSK 0
13 2279 4 QPSK 0
14 2583 4 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
17 4189 5 16-QAM 0
18 4664 5 16-QAM 0
19 5287 5 16-QAM 0
20 5887 5 16-QAM 0
21 6554 5 16-QAM 0
22 7168 5 16-QAM 0
23 9719 7 16-QAM 0
24 11418 8 16-QAM 0
25 14411 10 16-QAM 0
26 14411 12 16-QAM -1
27 14411 12 16-QAM -2
28 14411 12 16-QAM -3
29 14411 12 16-QAM -4
30 14411 12 16-QAM -5
* UE internal (proprietary) processTB Size [bit]CQI value 0: N/A (Out of range) = Reference Power Adjustment (Power Offset) [dB]
HS – DPCCH (ACK; CQI)HS – SCCH
CQI used for:• Link Adaptation decision • Packet Scheduling decision
ACK/NACK used for:• H-ARQ process • Link Adaptation decision • HS-SCCH power adaptation
CQI TB Size # codes Modulation
CQI Table (Example)TS 25.214: Annex Table 7b
Cat 8 UE
49 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Associated DCH (DL & UL)
• DL DPCH: Associated Dedicated Physical Channel• Transfer of L3 signalling messages
• Speech - AMR
• Power control commands for associated UL DPCH
• UL DPCH: (DPDCH & DPCCH)• Transfer of L3 signalling messages
• Transfer of UL data 16 / 64 / 128 / 384 kbps, e.g. TCP acknowledgements
• Speech - AMR
DPDCH / DPCCH (time multiplexed)DPDCH: L3 signalling; AMR
DPCCH: TPC for UL DPCH power control
DPDCH: L3 signalling, AMR; TCP ACKs; 16 / 64 / 128 348 kbps
DPCCH: TPC, Pilot, TFCI
50 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Fractional DPCH: F-DPCH (DL)• The Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH):
• was introduced in 3GPP Rel. 6 (enhanced in Rel. 7; NSN RU20 implementation based on Rel. 7)• replaces the DL DPCCH when the DL DPDCH is not present, i.e. both application data and SRB are
transferred using HSDPA• includes Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits but excludes TFCI & Pilot bits
• TFCI bits - no longer required as there is no DPDCH• Pilot bits - no longer required as TPC bits are used for SIR measurements
• increases efficiency by allowing up to 10 UE to share the same DL SF256 channelization code - time multiplexed one after another
Tx OffTPC
Slot #i
1 time slot 2560 chips
Tx Off
256 chips
51 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles
• HSUPA Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
52 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (1/2)
• 3GPP Rel. 6: TS 25.309 HSUPA technical requirements
• Node B controlled scheduling
• Hybrid ARQ
• Shorter TTI: 2 ms or 10 ms
• Downward compatibility to R99, R4 & R5
• HSUPA requires HSDPA
• Minimise HSUPA (UE and UTRAN) complexity
• Full mobility support and urban, suburban & rural deployment
HSDPAHSDPA
UEsIubUu
HSUPAHSUPA
same as HSDPAsame as HSDPA
RNC Node B
53 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (2/2)
Why notadapting
HSDPA solutionsto UL?
• HSUPA problems / differences to HSDPA:
• Power Control PC: Fast Power Control• on DL centralized PC
• on UL individual PC pure time multiplexing difficult on UL fast PC still necessary (same as Rel. 99) (UL interference UL scrambling codes)
• Higher order modulation difficult for UE; coming with Rel.7
• Soft Handover required due to coverage reasons
• HSUPA (similar to HSDPA) is based on• Fast H-ARQ terminated at Node B• Fast UL Packet Scheduling controlled by Node B• Fast Link Adaptation: • - Adaptive coding (1/4 - 4/4 code rate)• - Adaptive modulation with Rel. 7
54 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-DCH: Enhanced Dedicated Channel (TS 25.309)
Dedicated channel DCHA channel dedicated to 1 UE
used in UL or DL.
UEIub
Uu
Enhanced dedicated channel E-DCHEnhanced dedicated channel E-DCH
• E-DCH transport channel characteristics
• UL (only) transport channel
• Dedicated to 1 UE
• Subject to Node-B controlled scheduling & HARQ
• Supports 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI
RNC
Node B
55 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
I
j
cd,1 d
I+jQ
DPDCH1
Q
cd,3 d
DPDCH3
cd,5 d
DPDCH5
cd,2 d
DPDCH2
cd,4 d
cc c
DPCCH
Sdpch
DPDCH4
cd,6 d
DPDCH6
Rel. `99
E-DPDCH:• carries E-DCH transport channel• user data only (+ 24 CRC bits/TTI)• SF = 256 – 2 !• Multi-Code Operation: there may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link• up to 2x SF2 + 2x SF4 up to 5.76 Mbps
E-DPCCH:• transmits HSUPA L1 control information associated with the E-DCH• SF = 256 fixed• content: E-TFCI, RSN & Happy Bit
Configura-tion #
DPDCHHS-
DPCCHE-DPDCH
E- DPCCH
1 6 1 - -
2 1 1 2 1
3 - 1 4 1
Rel. 6 UL: DCH & E-DCH Configurations
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
E-TFCI: Enhanced Transport Format Combination IndicationRSN: Retransmission Sequence Number
56 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA UE Capability Classes / ThroughputE- DCH
Category
max.
E-DCH
Codes
min. SF
2 & 10 ms TTI E-DCH
support
max. #. of
E-DCH Bits* / 10 ms TTI
max. # of
E-DCH Bits* / 2 ms TTI
Modulation Reference
combination Class
1 1 4 10 ms only 7110 - QPSK 0.73 Mbps
2 2 4 10 & 2 ms 14484 2798 QPSK 1.46 Mbps
3 2 4 10 ms only 14484 - QPSK 1.46 Mbps
4 2 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 5772 QPSK 2.92 Mbps
5 2 2 10 ms only 20000 - QPSK 2.0 Mbps
6 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 11484 QPSK 5.76 Mbps
7 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 11.5 Mbps
8 4 2 2 ms only - 11484 QPSK 11.5 Mbps
9 4 2 2 ms only - 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 23 Mbps
* Maximum No. of bits / E-DCH transport block
Coding rateCoding rate
1/21/2
3/43/4
4/44/4
1xSF41xSF4 2xSF42xSF4 2xSF22xSF2 2xSF2 + 2xSF4
2xSF2 + 2xSF4
480 kbps480 kbps 960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps
720 kbps720 kbps 1.46 Mbps1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps4.32 Mbps
960 kbps960 kbps 1.92 Mbps1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps
• RAS06
HSUPA UE
capability
classes
(TS 25.306;
Rel. 9)
HSUPA
Throughput
• RU10 • RU20
Rel. 9DC-HSUPA
RU30:23 Mbps &DC-HSUPA
2xSF2+2xSF4& 16QAM
2xSF2+2xSF4& 16QAM
5.76 Mbps5.76 Mbps
8.62 Mbps8.62 Mbps
11.5 Mbps11.5 Mbps
• RU30
57 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Network Modifications
UEIub
Uu
new UE`snew UE`s
• UTRAN & UE:
• modified PHY layer
• modified MAC: MAC-e & MAC-es
• modified transport and physical channels
• modified coding
• new Node B functionalities:• Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged transmission):
faster retransmission / reduced delays !
less Iub retransmission traffic ! higher spectrum efficiency !
• Fast Packet Scheduling fast & efficient resource allocation !
new UE functionality: • Fast Link Adaptation Adaptive Coding (& Modulation; from Rel. 7 on) higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !
RNC
Re
du
ce
dre
tran
sm
iss
ion
Re
du
ce
dre
tran
sm
iss
ion
RNC:functionalities
shifted toNode B
RNC:functionalities
shifted toNode B
Node Bmore
Intelligence;new functionalities
moreIntelligence;
new functionalities
Node B
58 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA: Fast Packet Scheduling
HSUPA (Rel. 6) Fast Packet Scheduling:
• Node B controlled• resources allocated on Scheduling Request• short TTI = 2 / 10 ms• Scheduling Decision on basis of actual physical layer load (available in Node B) up-to date / Fast scheduling decision high UL resource efficiency higher Load Target (closer to Overload Threshold) possible high UL resource efficiency L1 signalling overhead
Scheduling Request(buffer occupation,...)
UE
Iub
Scheduling Grants(max. amount of
UL resources to be used)
S-RNC
E-DCHdata transmission
E-DCHdata transmission
59 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA: Fast Link Adaptation
Scheduling
Request
UE
Scheduling
Grants
E-DCH(TTI = 2 / 10 ms)
E-DCH(TTI = 2 / 10 ms)
Rel. 99:Fixed
Turbo Coding 1/3
Rel. 99:Fixed
Turbo Coding 1/3
Rel. 6 HSUPA:dynamic Link Adaptation
effective Coding 1/4 - 4/4
higher UL data rates higher resource efficiency
Rel. 6 HSUPA:dynamic Link Adaptation
effective Coding 1/4 - 4/4
higher UL data rates higher resource efficiency
Node B
MAC-e (UE) decides: • E-DCH link adaptation (TFC,
effective coding)• on basis of scheduled power ratio
E-DPDCH/DPCCH• every TTI (2/10 ms)
60 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ
HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ with UL E-DCH
• Node B (MAC-e) controlled• SAW* H-ARQ protocol • based on synchronous DL (L1) ACK/NACK• Retransmission strategies: Incremental Redundancy & Chase Combining• 1st Retransmission 40 / 16 ms (TTI = 10 / 2 ms)• limited number of Retransmissions*• lower probability for RLC Retransmission• Support of Soft & Softer Handover
Node B
Iub
E-DCH PacketsE-DCH Packets
L1 ACK/NACKL1 ACK/NACK
RetransmissionRetransmission
MAC-e controls L1 H-ARQ: • storing & retransmitting payload• packet combining (IR & CC)
MAC-e controls L1 H-ARQ: • storing & retransmitting payload• packet combining (IR & CC)
correctly receivedpackets
correctly receivedpackets
Short delay times (support of QoS services) less Iub/Iur traffic
Short delay times (support of QoS services) less Iub/Iur traffic
IR: Incremental RedundancyCC: Chase CombiningHARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestSAW: Stop-and-Wait* HARQ profile - max. number of
transmissions attribute
RNC UE
61 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
RNC
E-DCHAS
HSUPA: Soft Handover
Sectorcells
CN
S-RNC:select E-DCHdata (MAC-es)& deliver to CN
E-DCH Active Set:• set of cells carrying the E-DCH for 1 UE.• can be identical / a subset of DCH AS• is decided by the S-RNC
Softer Handover: • UE connected to cells of same Node B (same MAC-e entity)• combining Node B internal• no extra Iub capacity needed
Iu
IubIub
Iub
Soft Handover: UE connected to UTRAN
via different Node Bs
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNC
UE
Node B
Iub
E-DCHAS
SHO Gains:
full Coverage
for HSUPA
62 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA: Soft Handover
• HSUPA: Support of Soft(er) Handover
• Macro diversity is used in HSUPA, i.e. the UL data packets can be received by more than one cell. This is important for Radio Network Planning to maximise cell ranges (SHO gains); TS 25.309: 5: The coverage is an important aspect of the user experience and that it is desirable to allow an operator to provide for consistency of performance across the whole cell area..Intra Node B macro-diversity (Softer Handover) and Inter Node B macro-diversity (SHO) should be supported for the E-DCH with HARQ.
• E-DCH active set: The set of cells which carry the E-DCH for one UE. It can be identical or a subset of the DCH active set. The E-DCH active set is decided by the S-RNC
63 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA: Power Control = Fast Power Control (R. 99)
Configuration #i DPDCH HS-DPCCH E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
1 6 1 - -
2 1 1 2 1
3 - 1 4 1
TS 25.14;5.1.2
DPDCH(s)
DPDCH(s)DL DPCCH
UL DPCCH
E-DPDCH(s)
E-DPDCH(s)E-DPCCH
UE
UL DCH max configurations for Rel 99, HSDPA & HSUPA
DPCCH
• Always transmitted
• Inner-Loop Power Control!
• Setting of E-DPCCH & E-DPDCH power relative to DPCCH power
• PtxUE < min [Ptx,maxUE; max Ptx,cell*]
Taken from specification TS 25.213;4.2.1
64 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• Overview of NSN Radio Resource Management (RRM)
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles
• HSUPA Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU20)
65 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Overview
UE
Scheduling
Grants
E-AGCHE-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
E-RNTI & max. power ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH (Absolute Grant)
E-RGCHE-DCH Relative Grant Channel
UP / HOLD / DOWN (Relative Grant)
E-DPCCHE-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
E-DPDCHE-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
User data & CRC
E-HICHE-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
ACK/NACK
Node B
Scheduling RequestScheduling information (MAC-e on E-DPDCH) or happy bit (E-DPCCH)
RSN: Re-transmission sequence number
66 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
I
j
cd,1 d
I+jQ
DPDCH1
Q
cd,3 d
DPDCH3
cd,5 d
DPDCH5
cd,2 d
DPDCH2
cd,4 d
cc c
DPCCH
Sdpch
DPDCH4
cd,6 d
DPDCH6
Rel. `99 New in Rel. 6 for HSUPA:E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH:used to carry the E-DCH transport channel.There may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link.
E-DPCCH:used to transmit control information associated with the E-DCH.
Configuration #
DPDCH HS-DPCCH
E-DPDCH
E- DPCCH
1 6 1 - -
2 1 1 2 1
3 - 1 4 1
Maximum number of simultaneous UL DCHs
67 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-DPDCH : SF-Variation & Multi-Code Operation
CC1,0 = (1)
CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC2,0 = (1,1)
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
CC64,0
CC64,1
CC64,2
CC64,63
CC64,62
•• •
• • •
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 64SF = 8
NDPDCH E-DPDCHk CCSF,k
0
E-DPDCH1
CCSF,SF/4 if SF 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
E-DPDCH2
CC4,1 if SF = 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
E-DPDCH3
E-DPDCH4
CC4,1
1
E-DPDCH1 CCSF,SF/2
E-DPDCH2
CC4,2 if SF = 4
CC2,1 if SF = 2
E-DPDCH: SF = 256 - 2SF = 2 1920 kbit/s
Multi-Code operation:up to 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4
up to 5.76 Mbps
68 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-DPDCH
• carries UL packet data• up to 4 E-DPDCHs for 1 RL
• Max. configuration according 3GPP / RU20*: 2 * SF2 + 2 * SF4
• SF = 256 – 2 (BPSK-like)• Pure user data & CRC (1 CRC per TTI, size 24 bit)• TTI = 2 / 10 ms (at cell edge 10 ms required for sufficient performance)• UE receives resource allocation via grant channels• managed by MAC-e/-es• Error protection based on turbo coding 1/3• Soft / softer handover support
* RU10: 2 * SF2
69 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH frame structure and content
E-DPDCH: Data only (+ 1 CRC/TTI);SF = 256 – 2; Rchannel = 15 – 1920 kbps
Ndata = 10 x 2k+2 bit (K = 0..5)
E-DPCCH: L1 control data; SF = 256; 10 bit
1 Slot = 2560 chip = 2/3 ms
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14
1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tframe = 10 ms
k SFChannel Bit Rate [kbps]
Bit/ Frame
Bit/ Subframe
Bit/Slot
Ndata
0 64 60 600 120 40
1 32 120 1200 240 80
2 16 240 2400 480 160
3 8 480 4800 960 320
4 4 960 9600 1920 640
5 2 1920 19200 3840 1280
E-DPCCH content:• E-TFCI information (7 bit) indicates E-DCH Transport Block Size; i.e. at given TTI (TS 25.321; Annex B)• Retransmission Sequence Number RSN (2 bit) Value = 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 for: Initial Transmission, 1st / 2nd / further Retransmission • „Happy" bit (1 bit) indicating if UE could use more resources or not Happy 1 Not happy 0
70 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
HSUPA DL physical channels
E-RGCHE-DCH Relative Grant Channel
carries DL relative grants for UL E-DCH;
complementary to E-AGCH
contains: relative Grants („UP“, „HOLD“, „DOWN“) & UE-Identity (via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code)
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
SF = 128 (60 kbps; 40 bit/Slot)
UE
E-RGCHE-RGCH
E-AGCHE-AGCH
E-AGCHE-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
carries DL absolute grants for UL E-DCH
contains: UE-Identity (E-RNTI) & max. UE power ratio
E-DCH absolute grant transmitted over 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
SF = 256 (30 kbps; 20 bit/Slot)
Transmitted only by Serving Cell
E-DCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier:allocated by S-RNC for E-DCH user per Cell
E-DPDCHE-DPDCH
E-DCH transmission:• after E-AGCH• after E-RGCH• Non-scheduled transmission
NodeB
71 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
E-HICH
UE
E-HICHE-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
carries H-ARQ acknowledgement indicator for UL E-DCH
contains ACK/NACK (+1; -1) & UE-Identity (via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code; code sharing with E-RGCH possible)
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
SF = 128 (60 kbps; 40 bit/Slot)
E-HICH (ACK/NACK)
E-HICH (ACK/NACK)
E-DPDCHE-DPDCH
NodeB E-DPDCH (Re-transmission)
E-DPDCH (Re-transmission)
Dynamic E-RGCH/E-HICH code allocation:
RNC checks cyclicallynumber of allocated signatures
& adapts number of codes for E-RGCH/E-HICH (if required)
RU20
72 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
DPDCH, DPCCH & HS-DPCCH / Summary
UE
E-AGCHAbsolute Grant
E-RGCHRelative Grant: UP / HOLD / DOWN
E-DPDCHUser data & CRC
E-HICHACK/NACKNode B
E-DPCCHL1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
HS-DPCCHACK/NACK & CQI
a-DCH (DPDCH & DPCCH)
• DPDCH• for Voice & SRB if CS Voice over HSPA not used• 3.4 kbps SRB uses SF128
• DPCCH• for TPC, TFCI & pilot bits,• if CPC not enabled
• HS-DPCCH• for HSDPA CQI & ACK/NACK
73 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
• Standardisation & frequency bands
• Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
• HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
• HSPA+ Features (RU30 and RU30 on top)• MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)
• Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps)
• DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)
• HSUPA 16QAM
• Frequency Domain Equalizer
• HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver
• Flexible RLC in UL
• DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)
• HSUPA Inter-frequency Handover
• HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control
• Dynamic HSDPA BLER
• Dynamic HSUPA BLER
• High Speed Cell_FACH
• HSPA 128 users per cell
74 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MIMO Principle (1/2)
Tm
T2
T1
Rn
R2
R1
••••••
Input
Input 1
Input 2
Input mM x NMIMO
system
Output
• MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple Output• M transmit antennas, N receive antennas from MxN MIMO system• huge data stream (input) distributed toward m spatial distributed antennas; m parallel bit streams (Input 1..m)• Spatial Multiplexing generate parallel “virtual data pipes”• using Multipath effects instead of mitigating them
Signal from jth Tx antenna
Sj
MIMOProcessor
75 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
MIMO Principle (2/2)
Tm
T2
T1
Rn
R2
R1
MIMO
Processor
••••••
Input
Input 1
Input 2
Input m
M x NMIMO
Output
h1,1
h2,1hn,1
hn,2
hn,m
h2,2
h2,m
h1,mh1,2
• Receiver learns Channel Matrix H• inverted Matrix H-1 used for recalculation of original input data streams 1..m
m
jijjii nshy
1,
Signal at ith Rx antenna
Yi
Signal from jth Tx antenna
Sj
ni: Noise at receiver
H =
h1,1
h2,1
hn,1
h1,2
h2,2
hn,2
h1,m
h2,m
hn,m
76 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)• 2x2 MIMO with 16QAM was introduced in RU20 by the RAN1642 MIMO (28
Mbps) feature• The RU30 RAN1912 feature enables simultaneous operation of 2x2 MIMO
and 64QAM (3GPP Rel.8)• Using 64QAM on top of MIMO increases the peak rate to 42 Mbps
(28 Mbps x 1.5)• 16QAM transfers 4 bits per modulation symbol• 64QAM transfers 6 bits per modulation symbol
Data stream 1
UE: 2 Rx-antennas
WBTS: 2 Tx-antennas
Data stream 2
HS- DSCHcategory
max. No. ofHS-DSCH Codes
min. Inter-TTI interval
ModulationDual-Stream MIMO
supportedPeakRate
15 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps
16 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps
17 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4 Mbps
18 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28 Mbps
19 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps
20 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
4 bits/symbol2 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol
QPSK 16QAM 64QAMQPSK 16QAM 64QAM
4 bits/symbol2 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol
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Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps) (1/2)• RU30 introduces Dual Band Dual Cell HSDPA (DB-DC-HSDPA) for which the RF carriers can be in
in different operating bands (like 900 & 2100)• Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) requires 3.8 to 5.2 MHz carrier separation
• The general concepts for DB-DC-HSDPA are the same as those for DC-HSDPA when a contiguous 10 MHz frequency allocation is not available
• 3GPP Release 9 limits the feature so the two RF carriers cannot be non-adjacent carriers within the same band
5 MHz
F1
MIMO + 64QAM
10 MHz
UE using 5 MHz RF ChannelPeak Throughput = 42 Mbps
UE using 2×5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Throughput = 84 Mbps
F1 F2
Dual Cell ApproachBasic Approach
DC-HSDPA + MIMO + 64QAM
5 MHz
UE using 2×5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Throughput = 42 Mbps
F1 F2
Dual Band Approach
DB-DC-HSDPA + 64QAM
5 MHz
Band x Band yBand x Band x
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Dual-Band HSDPA (42Mbps) (2/2)• The maximum peak rate for DB-DC-HSDPA is 42 Mbps when 64QAM is enabled and 15 codes are
available on both RF carriers • MIMO is not supported simultaneously with DB-DC-HSDPA for an individual UE
• The UE must be category 21 to 28, i.e. a category which supports DC-HSDPA
HS- DSCHcatego
ry
max. No. ofHS-DSCH
Codes
min. Inter-TTI interval
Supported modulations w/o MIMO or DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations w/ MIMO and w/o
DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations
w/o MIMO and w/ DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations w/ MIMO and DC-
HSDPA
PeakRate
21 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM Not applicable 23.4 Mbps
22 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM Not applicable 28 Mbps
23 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Not applicable 35.3 Mbps
24 15 2 ms - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Not applicable 42.2 Mbps
25 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps
26 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 55.9 Mbps
27 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
70.6 Mbps
28 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
84.4 Mbps
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DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)• Prior to RU30, it was not possible to enable MIMO & DC-HSDPA in a cell in parallel• Maximum connection throughputs in RU30:
MIMO + 64QAM
3GPP Rel. 8
DB-DC-HSDPA + 64QAM
3GPP Rel. 9
DC-HSDPA + MIMO
3GPP Rel. 9
42 Mbps 42 Mbps 56 Mbps
DC-HSDPA + MIMO + 64QAM
3GPP Rel. 9
84 MbpsBoth supported by RAN1907 (DC-HSDPA with MIMO)
2 – carriers
HS- DSCHcatego
ry
max. No. ofHS-DSCH
Codes
min. Inter-TTI interval
Supported modulations w/o MIMO or DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations w/ MIMO and w/o
DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations
w/o MIMO and w/ DC-HSDPA
Supported modulations w/ MIMO
and DC-HSDPA
PeakRate
25 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps
26 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 56 Mbps
27 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 70.6 Mbps
28 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 84.4 Mbps
The UE must be category 25 to 28
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HSUPA 16QAM
• 3GPP Release 6 introduced HSUPA with QPSK• maximum connection throughput of 5.76 Mbps
• 3GPP Release 7 introduces HSUPA with 16QAM• maximum connection throughput of 11.52 Mbps
• HSUPA category 7 UE support 16QAM• The actual achievable throughput is limited by the radio conditions and maximum allowed uplink
noise rise• Performance benefits from:
• Frequency Domain Equaliser (FDE)
• Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC)
• UE selects 16QAM once the throughput reaches a specific level defined by 3GPP• Uplink Flexible RLC is applicable to HSUPA with 16QAM
QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
4 bits/symbol2 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol
QPSK 16QAM 64QAMQPSK 16QAM 64QAM
4 bits/symbol2 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol
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Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver (1/2)
• Prior to RU30 the Node B receiver was based upon RAKE receiver technology
• RU30 introduces:• Frequency Domain Equalizer (FDE) (RAN1702)
• HSUPA Interference Cancellation (RAN1308)
• These features are most effective when used in combination but can also be enabled individually
• Without these features, the noise rise generated by the uplink throughputs associated with HSPA+ becomes prohibitively high
FDE captures the energy from all multipath components and allows up to 2x higher 16QAM data rates compared to a RAKE receiver
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Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver (2/2)
• FDE captures the energy from all multipath components and allows up to 2x higher 16QAM data rates compared to a RAKE receiver
• RAKE delivers adequate performance for data rates below 2 Mbps; but RAKE is unable to receive higher data rates even in total absence of other cell interference
• short spreading codes used for high HSUPA data rates are vulnerable to inter-symbol interference
• FDE efficiently removes inter-symbol interference arising from user's own signal due to multipath propagation
• HSUPA 16QAM requires FDE to achieve data rates up to 11.5 Mbps with 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4
• FDE can remove inter-symbol interference, leaving other users of the same cell and surrounding cells to be the main limiting factors for UL data rates
• Interference from other users of the own cell can be alleviated using RAN1308 HSUPA interference cancellation
• Target of the HSUPA interference cancellation is to• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on other UL channels (Basic PIC, RAN1308)
Improved coverage e.g. for AMR calls existing in parallel with peak rate users
• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on each other (Enhanced PIC, RAN2250) Enable for large peak HSUPA data rates (also 16-QAM)
83 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Flexible RLC in UL
Segmentation
UE - Pre-Release 8
RLC
MAC-e/es
RLC
Segmentation / Concatenation
MAC-i/is
UE - Flexible RLC
Concatenation / Padding
• Prior to 3GPP Rel. 8, the RLC layer within the UE segmented large higher layer packets into many small packets
• The MAC-e/es layer then had to concatenate and pad these small packets to fit within the variable size HSUPA transport block
• Flexible RLC helps to avoid this requirement for segmentation and subsequent concatenation
• The MAC-i/is layer segments the higher layer packets such that they fit within the HSUPA transport block
• There is a reduced requirement for RLC headers and padding
84 © Nokia Siemens Networks RN31561EN30GLA1
Flexible RLC in UL: Impact• Major improvements with Uplink Flexible RLC
• less processing in RNC and UE
• higher end user application throughput
• lower latency for packet access
• Significantly lower OH
• Lower risk for RLC stalling because of too small transmission windows
• Graph below illustrates the difference in RLC overhead (header and padding) when using:• Fixed RLC PDU sizes of 336 bits and 656 bits
• Flexible RLC
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 336 bits
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 656 bits
Rel. 7 Flexible RLC
Higher Layer Packet Size (bytes)
RLC
Ove
rhea
d
Overhead is significantly less for Flexible RLC
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DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)
• DC-HSUPA is introduced in 3GPP Rel.9
• In UL UE sends the data over two parallel E-DCHs channels, each one on a separate adjacent carriers
• In DL UE receives the data over DC-HSDPA
• The UE must be category 8 or 9
5 MHz 5 MHz
F1 F2
HSUPA 16QAM (11.5Mbps)
10 MHz
DC HSUPA and16QAM (23 Mbps)
2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF ChannelPeak Connection Throughput = 11.5 Mbps
1 UE, using 2 × 5 MHz RF ChannelsPeak Connection Throughput = 23 Mbps
F1 F2
Dual Cell ApproachBasic Approach
• Cat-8: QPSK + DC-HSUPA
• Cat-9: 16-QAM + DC-HSUPA
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HSUPA Inter-frequency Handover
• Prior to RU30, only DCH and HSDPA compressed mode measurements were supported
• This feature provides support for inter-frequency compressed mode measurements while configured with HSUPA
• Avoids the requirement for HSUPA -> Uplink DCH channel type switching when an inter-frequency handover is triggered
• Allows faster inter-frequency handover and greater throughput during handover procedure
• Handovers can be:• HSPA -> HSPA
• HSPA -> DCH/HSDPA
• HSPA -> DCH/DCH
• Applicable to coverage, quality, HSPA capability and IMSI based inter-frequency handovers
• Not applicable to inter-system handover
• Note:• HSUPA IFHO can be intra or inter BTS
• HSUPA IFHO can be intra or inter RNC
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HSUPA Downlink Physical Channel Power Control
• When power control is not used, a relatively high fixed transmit power must be used to ensure that UE towards cell edge are able to receive successfully
• This results in excessive transmit power used for UE which are in good coverage• wastes downlink transmit power (downlink capacity)
• increases downlink interference levels (downlink coverage)
• This feature introduces power control for the following physical channels:• E-AGCH E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
• E-HICH E-DCH HARQ Acknowledgement Indicator Channel
• E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel
• F-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel
• Controlling the downlink transmit power of these channels helps to reduce both downlink power consumption and downlink interference levels
• Reducing downlink interference levels can increase the coverage of HSUPA 2ms TTI, reducing the number of reconfigurations and increasing throughput.
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Dynamic HSDPA BLER
• RU20 uses HSDPA BLER Targets of 10 % and 25 %• 10 % is applied in static channel conditions• 25 % is applied in fading channel conditions
• In RU20, these BLER targets are not configurable and are independent of whether high or low CQI values are reported
• RU30 allows the use of HSDPA BLER Targets of 2 %, 6 %, 10 % and 25 %• In RU30, the BLER Target is a function of the
• the channel conditions (static vs fading)• the CQI
• Thresholds defining high, medium and low CQI ranges are configurable• Upper and lower BLER target limits for each CQI range are configurable
• The BLER Target is a function of the variance of the reported CQI• A low variance indicates that the UE is experiencing static channel conditions
• Low BLER target is appropriate
• A high variance indicates that the UE is experiencing fading channel conditions
• High BLER target is appropriate
• The look-up table shown is defined within the Node B
• Expected benefits: cell and end-user HSDPA throughputs improved by up to 8 %
Variance of Reported
CQI
BLER Target
Channel Type
0 to 1 2 % Static
1 to 1.5 6 % Fading
1.5 to 2.5 10 %
>2.5 25 %
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• RU20
• uses an HSUPA Layer 1 BLER Target of 10%
• RU30
• dynamically selects the HSUPA Layer 1 BLER Target
• selects the BLER target to suite the individual connection
Dynamic HSUPA BLER
Connections with high throughput
Connections with bursty activity
Other connections
Apply Low BLER Target to allow a further increase in throughput
Apply Moderate BLER Target to help improve latency, i.e. reduced requirement for re-transmissions
Apply Higher BLER Target to optimise cell capacity and coverage
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High Speed Cell_FACH• CELL_FACH is suitable for “always on” type services which have frequent but small data
packets
• UE in CELL_FACH use the FACH transport channel mapped onto a S-CCPCH for transmission of small downlink data packets
• 3GPP Release 7 work item “Enhanced CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the use of HSDPA in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH
• 3GPP Release 8 work item “Enhanced Uplink for CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the use of HSDPA and HSUPA in CELL_FACH
• Prior to RU30, HSPA could only be used in CELL_DCH
• RU30 introduces the ability to use HSPA in CELL_FACH• increases connection throughputs in CELL_FACH
• reduces state transition times
• RAN1913 is limited to allowing the use of HSPA in CELL_FACH (HSDPA in CELL_PCH and URA_PCH is not supported)
Feature supports:
•peak connection throughputs of 1.8Mbps in DL & 1.4Mbps in UL
•peak cell throughputs of 1.8 Mbps in DL 1.4 Mbps in UL
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HSPA 128 users per cell
• RU10 provides support for:• 64 HSDPA users per cell
• 20 HSUPA users per cell
• RU20 provides support for:• 72 HSDPA users per cell
• 72 HSUPA users per cell
• RU30 provides support for:• 128 HSDPA users in CELL_DCH per cell
• 128 HSUPA users in CELL_DCH per cell
• In RU30, HSUPA connections are only counted by the serving cell (prior to RU30 they are counted in both the serving and non-serving cells)
• The maximum number of HS-DSCH MAC-d flows per cell is 1024
Becomes relevant in RU30 after HS-FACH is supported
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Final Comparison: Rel. 99 WCDMA, HSDPA & HSUPA
Feature
variable Spreading Factor
Fast Power Control
Node B: Fast Link Adaptation
Node B: Fast Packet Scheduling
Rel. 99 (DCH)
Yes (256 – 4)
Yes
No
No
HSUPA
Yes (256 – 2)
Yes
No
Yes
Node B: Fast L1 HARQ No Yes
HSDPA
No (16)
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multicode transmission Yes(Not in practice)
Yes Yes
Soft Handover Yes Yes No(associated DCH only)
Fast Power Control Yes Yes No
Modulation QPSK QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
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