8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
1/70
WATER & THE MAJORMINERALS
Water: The most indispensable nutrient in the body
The major minerals are present in large amounts in the body & areneeded by the body in large amounts
Their Recommended intakes are stated in milligrams & gramsCalciumPhosphorus
PotassiumSulphurSodiumChlorideMagnesium
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
2/70
WATERA chemical substanceconsidered to be theessence of life.Chemical formula H2OTwo hydrogen atoms andan oxygen atom covalentlybondedExists in three forms solid,liquid and gas
It is tasteless, odorless
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
3/70
WHAT ARE THE FOODSOURCES OF WATER?
y Water itself y Other beveragesy Nearly all food sources have water, for example:y Vegetables, fruits ( up to 90%)y Meats and cheeses (about 50%) etc,whether fresh or
dry, they have water.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
4/70
ROLE OF WATER IN THEBODY
y Carries nutrients and waste products around the body y Maintains structure of large molecules such as
proteins and glycogeny Solvent for the other nutrients: minerals, vitamins,
amino acids, glucose etc.y It helps in the regulation of normal body temperaturey It is needed for proper metabolism
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
5/70
WATER ROLES CONT.y The body has to maintain a certain level of water in the
body so as to avoid dehydrationy Water helps remove toxins that our bodies take upfrom air, food and chemicals we use on our skins and
hairy It also increases blood pressure levels in the body y Maintains blood volumey Lubricant aroun joints anjd inside the eye
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
6/70
WATER BALANCETHE BALANCE BETWEEN WATER INTAKE AND OUTPUT
Normally daily water loss = daily water intake (gain)Table 1: Water Balance
Water Sources Amount(ml)
WaterLosses
Amount(ml)
Liquids 550-1500 Kidneys(urine)
500-1400
Foods 700-1000 Skin (sweat) 450-900Metabolic water 200-300 Lungs
(breath)350
GI tract(faeces)
150
Total 1450-2800 Total 1450-2800
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
7/70
BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE
y Water maintains blood volume which in turninfluences blood pressure
y An increase in blood volume increases blood pressureand vice versay Blood Pressure is regulated by kidneys. They secrete
the enzyme renin which activates the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. Increased renincauses increase in blood pressure
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
8/70
BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE CONT. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & WATER RETENTION
ADH is a water-conserving hormone
Produced by the hypothalamus & released by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration or decreased bloodpressureStimulates kidneys to reabsorb waterCauses vasoconstriction, hence, increasing bloodpressure
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
9/70
BLOOD VOLUME &PRESSURE CONT.RENIM & SODIUM RETENTIONy Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys respond to low blood
pressure by releasing reniny In sequence, renin & angiotensin converting enzyme (A CE)act on their substrates to produce the active hormone
angiotensin 2y Angiotensin 2 stimulates secretion of aldosterone which
increases Na+ ions reabsorption & water by the kidneysy
Consequently total blood volume increases & so does bloodpressurey Angiotensin 2 raises blood pressure also by causing
vasoconstric tion
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
10/70
FLUID & ELECTROLYTEBALANCE
An electrolyte is a salt that dissolves in water &dissociates into charged component particles (ions)
A balance of about two-thirds of body fluids insidecells (intracellular fluid) & about one-third outsidecells (extracellular cells) is vital for cells to liveFluid balance means that the required amounts of
water & solutes are present & are correctly proportioned among the various compartments
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
11/70
FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCEResults from the deficiency or excess of the electrolytesTable 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; Deficiency
E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYPTO MSSodium (Na+) 136-148mEq/L
HyponatremiaDecreased Na intake,increased Na loss through vomiting, diarrhoea
Muscular weakness,dizziness, headache,mental confusion, coma
Chloride ( Cl-) 95-105mEq/L Hypochloremia
Excessive vomiting,overdehydratio, aldosteronedeficiency
Muscle spasms, shallow
respirations
Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0mEq/L
HypokalemiaExcessive loss due to vomiting, decreased Kintake, kidney disease
Muscle Fatigue, increasedurine output
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
12/70
FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.
E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MSCalcium ( Ca+): 4.5-5.5mEq/L
HypocalcemiaducIncreased Ca loss, reducedCa intake
Numbness, tingling of fingures, musclecramps
Phosphate: 1.7-2.6 mEq/L HypophosphatemiaIncreased urinary loss,decreased intestinalabsorption
Numbness, tingling of fingures, musclecramps, chest & musclepain
Magnesium (Mg+): 1.3-2.1mEq/L
HypomagnesemiaInadequate intake, excessiveloss in urine & faeces
Weakness, irritability,nausea
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
13/70
FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.Table 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; Excess
E LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MS
Sodium (Na+) 136-148mEq/L
HypernatremiaDehydration, waterdeprivation, excessiveNa in diet orintravenous fluids
Intense thirst,hypertension, edema
Chloride ( Cl-) 95-105mEq/L HyperchloremiaDehydration, waterdeprivation, excessivechloride intake
Weakness, deepbreathing
Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0mEq/L
HyperkalemiaExcessive K intake,renal failure
Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
14/70
FLUID & ELECROLYTEIMBALANCE CONT.Table 2: Blood Electrolyte Imbalances; ExcessE LECTRO LY TE N AME & C AUSE S SIGN S & SYMPTO MS
Calcium ( Ca+): 4.5-5.5mEq/L
HypercalcemiaExcessive intake of vitamin D
Weakness, nausea, vomiting, bone pain
Phosphate: 1.7-2.6mEq/L HyperphosphatemiaKidney failure to excrete
excess phosphate
Nausea, vomiting,muscular weakness
Magnesium (Mg+) : 1.3-2.1mEq/L
HypermagnesemiaRenal failure, increasedMg2+ intake
Muscular weakness,paralysis, nausea, vomiting
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
15/70
ACID BALANCEMaintained by hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids , especially extracellular fluid
The normal pH of systemic arterial blood is 7.35-7.45pH homeostasis is maintained by buffer systems, viaexhalation of carbon dioxide, kidney excretion of hydrogen ion and reabsorption of bicarbonate ionThe important buffer systems include proteins,carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffers An increase in carbon dioxide exhalation increasesblood pH and a decrease in carbon dioxide exhalationlowers blood pH
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
16/70
ACID BALANCECarbonic acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
If there s excess H+, HCO3- reacts with it restoring
normal pH. The H2 CO3 dissociates into H2O & CO2and the CO2 is exhaled from the lungsH+ + HCO3- = H2CO3Hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion Carbonic acid
(weak base)
If there s H+ shortage the H2 CO3 provides H+ as followsH2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
17/70
CALCIUMMineral element needed by the body for thefunctioning of the heart, muscles and nerves.
The most abundant mineral in the body
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
18/70
ROLE IN THE BODYy Bone healthy Cardiovascascular healthy Muscle maintenancey Blood clottingy Nerve impulse transmissiony Muscle contractiony Enzyme regulation and membrane permeability
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
19/70
FOOD SOURCESy Green leafy vegetables(brocolli)y Seafood(salmon)y Dairy products(milk, yoghurt, cheese, ice cream)y Calcium-fortified Orange juicey Cerealy Soy beveragesy bread
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
20/70
FOOD SOURCES
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
21/70
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
22/70
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
23/70
TOXICITY
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
24/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKESy The intake of calcium is most dependent on the age and
gender.y
Age 19-50 yrs(1000mg)y Age 51-70 yrs(1300mg)y Age 70 and above yrs(1200mg)
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
25/70
PHOSPHORUSTHE SECONDMOST ABUNDANTMINERAL IN THEBODY
WORKS HAND INHAND WITHCALCIUM
ABOUT 85 %FOUND BOUNDTO CALCIUM
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
26/70
FOOD SOURCES
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
27/70
FOOD SOURCES CONT.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
28/70
ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy A CTIVE TRANSPORT
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
29/70
ROLE IN THE BODYGrowth, maintenance and repair of cells and tissuesMineralization of bones and teeth, formation of tooth
enamel ATP productionPart of phospholipidsImportant in formation of genetic material-DNA Part of every cell
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
30/70
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
31/70
DEFICIENCIESy Irregular breathingy Numbnessy Muscular weakness, Bone painy Speech problemsy Mental confusiony Retarded growth in childreny Poor formation of bones and teeth, can result in
fragile bones
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
32/70
TOXICITYNo known toxicity but long-term excessive intake may result in inhibition of calcium absorption
Calcification of non skeletal tissues, particularly thekidneys
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
33/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKES AGE GRO UP DAILY INT AKE (mg)
INFANTS 0-6 months 1007-12 months 275
CHILDREN 1-3 yrs 4602
4-8 yrs 5009-18 yrs 1250
ADULTS 700PREGNANT OR LA CTATING WOMEN
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
34/70
HEALTH EFFECTS
y Excess binds to calcium forming deposits in tissueslike muscles
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
35/70
POTASSIUMRole in the body
It maintains proper electrolyte balance and pH.
It is also responsible for muscle contraction and nervetransmission.It plays a role in the storage of carbohydrates for use by muscle as fuel
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
36/70
FOOD SOURCESy mushroomsy spinachy broccoliy tomatoesy egg planty tunay squash
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
37/70
FOOD SOURCES CONT.Sweet potatoes Yoghurt Tomatoes
Raisins Potatoes Beetroots
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
38/70
ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy Active Transport: Protein mediated movement up the
concentration gradienty
Facilitated Diffusion: Protein mediated movementdown the concentration gradient
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
39/70
DEFICIENCIES Weak muscleIrregular heartbeat
FatigueKidney stonesIncrease in the blood pressureGlucose intolerance
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
40/70
TOXICITYHigh intake of potassium salts or supplements may cause:
Muscular weaknessNausea VomitingDiarrhoeaHeart attackIrregular heart beat
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
41/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKES Adequate Intake
Adults: 4700 mg/day
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
42/70
SULPHURThe body s needs forsulphur in the humanbody is easily met by
variety of foods andbeverages.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
43/70
ROLE IN THE BODYy Part of proteinsy Stabilizes shapes of proteins by forming disulphide
bridgesy Part of vitamins biotin & thiaminy Part of the hormone insuliny To dissolve waste materialsy It helps keep the skin attractive, makes hair glossy and
responsible for the elasticity of nails
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
44/70
FOOD SOURCESy Fishy Milky
Legumesy Nutsy Eggsy Radishesy
Carrotsy Cabbagey Cheesey Dried beans
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
45/70
FOOD SOURCES CONT.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
46/70
DEFICIENCYy Imperfect development of hair and nails
There are sulphur creams and ointments that have beenremarkably successful in treating a variety of skinproblems.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
47/70
TOXICITYy Would occur only if sulphur-containing amino acids
were eaten in excess; this suppresses growth
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
48/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKESThere is no dietary allowance, diet sufficient in protein
will generally be adequate in sulphur.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
49/70
SODIUMConsidered one of the bulk minerals.Present only in small quantities in most natural foods.
Excess dietary sodium is excreted in urine.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
50/70
ROLE IN THE BODYRegulates fluids and acid-base balance in the body.Involved in nerve transmission and muscle
contraction, including heart beat.Stimulate adrenal glands.Helps keep calcium and other mineral soluble in blood
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
51/70
FOOD SOURCESTable saltSoy sauce
Large amounts in processed foods e.g. cheeseCanned & instant soupsModerate amount in meats, milks and vegetables
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
52/70
FOOD SOURCES CONT.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
53/70
ABSORPT ION TRANSPORTy Active Transport: Protein mediated movement up the
concentration gradienty
Facilitated Diffusion: Protein mediated movementdown the concentration gradient
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
54/70
DEFICIENCIESMostly sodium deficiency occurs when excessive heatcauses heavy perspiration, thus reducing body water andsodium to the extent that gross dehydration affects normal
activity patterns.Symptoms
y Weaknessy Muscle crampsy
Nauseay Mental apathy y Loss of appetitey Can lead to shock due to decreased blood pressure
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
55/70
TOXICITYy Edemay Acute hypertension
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
56/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKESINFANTS: 120mg/day ADULTS: 500mg/day
MAXIMUM REQUIREMENT: 2400-3000mg/day or 6-7.5g of table salt/day
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
57/70
CHLORIDEy Major anion in extracellular fluids of the body y Chloride is one of the major mineral family y
It takes up about 0.15% of the body weight
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
58/70
ROLE IN THE BODYy Chloride is a very important part of H Cl which is
secreted from parietal cells in the stomach lining forthe purpose of establishing a desirable pH in whichpepsin can function
y It helps in removing waste from the body y Reduce excess acid levelsy
Essential part of digestive juicesy Chloride acts as neutralizing agent since it works to
bring the acid and alkaline level back into balance
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
59/70
FOOD SOURCESy Table salty Processed meaty
Canned vegetablesy Tomato based saucesy French friesy Olivesy Peanut butter
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
60/70
ABSORPTIONy Chloride is absorbed by the intestine during food
digestiony
Passes through permeable membrane in and out of redblood cells allowing the maintenance of osmosisequilibrium
y It also passes through extracellular fluids and
intercellular fluids in the veinsy Any excess chloride is passed out of the body throughurine
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
61/70
TRANSPORTPassive difffusion
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
62/70
DIFICIENCIES & TOXICITYy Too little chloride can result in loss of fluids due to excessive
sweating, vomiting or diarrheay When chloride levels depreciate there might be low blood
pressurey There also will be loss of potassium via uriney Alkalosis is a dangerous condition that causes blood pH to
elevate and it can develop if acid levels drop. The carrier willexperience problems in breathing, swallowing, ability to controlmuscle function if not addressed
y
Too much salt results in the body retaining watery Can lead to hypertensiony Chloride has no known toxicity as excess chloride is excreted by
the body. However high levels can cause vomiting
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
63/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKESDaily intakes0-6 months: 0.18 g/day
1-12 months: 0.57 g/day Ch ildren and adults1-3 yrs: 1.5 g/day 4-8 yrs: 1.9 g/day 9-50 yrs: 2.3 g/day and higher levels for pregnant women
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
64/70
MAGESIUMy It is needed in the body and only about 1 ounce
(=28.3g) is present in a 130-pound (=60 Kg) person. Itsmostly found in the bones and some in the musclesand soft tissues. In the absence of calcium it alsoensures normal blood concentrations.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
65/70
ROLE IN THE BODYy Bone mineralizationy Protein buildingy Enzyme actiony Maitenance of functioning of immune systemy Catalyses the reaction that adds the last phosphate to
high-energy compound ATPy Works with calcium in muscle contraction, nerve
impuse transmission and blood clotting.y Maintains bone health, necessary for energy
metabolism.
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
66/70
FOOD SOURCESpotatoescornflakescheddar cheese
flourbananapeanut buttersunflower seedstomato juice
tofuhalibutcashewsbroccolipinto beans
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
67/70
DEFICIENCIESy Weaknessy If extreme - convulsion
- hallucinations- difficulty in swallowing
y In children, growth failure
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
68/70
TOXICITYFrom nonfood sources
Diarrhoea
AlkalosisDehydration
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
69/70
RECOMMENDED INTAKESRDA
y men (19-30): 400mg/day y
women (19-30): 310mg/day
8/7/2019 Water & the Major Minerals
70/70
HEALTH EFFECTS
Top Related