Water Environmental Management in Asia
Challenges, Opportunities andExpected Role of WEPA
Water Environmental Management in Asia
Challenges, Opportunities andExpected Role of WEPA
Motoyuki Suzuki
WEPA Special Advisor
Motoyuki Suzuki
WEPA Special Advisor
2015.02.11 10th Annual Meeting@ Colombo, Sri Lanka
2015.02.11 10th Annual Meeting@ Colombo, Sri Lanka
• Activities/documents• Dialogues with member countries for Information Sharing
• Linkage with WWFs
• Annual Meetings
and Workshops
• Database
http://www.wepa‐db.net/index.htm
State of water / Organizational arrangement /Legislative framework / Background / Law enforcement / Cases
Database of technologies in operation / Information on appropriate technologies
Activities by NGOs and CBOs / Governmental activities
Various sources of water‐related information, Global level / Asia regional level / National level
First Phase (2004‐2008)
‐‐‐ Knowledge Sharing for Solutions ‐‐‐• 2009‐11
• Review of Water Environmental Management • Starting with Two Fields of Topics
• Domestic Wastewater Treatment• Climate Change and Water Environment
• Identification of Specific Issues to be discussed
• 2012‐13• Experiences Sharing and Knowledge Sharing among Member
Countries through Solution Findings through:• Workshops, Bilateral meetings, Annual meetings etc.• Development of Twinning Programmes for Capacity
Empowerment etc.
Second Phase (2009‐2013)
Common Challenges :Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries
Common Challenges :Some of the Issues identified by WEPA Partner Countries
‐ Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity development required in order to implement a legislative framework‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form of development, leap frog approaches
‐ Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and data management‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent standards
‐ Coordination among relevant water organizations and regulations‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders, Cooperation between member countries, etc.
‐ Water quality management at the basin level‐ Integrated management?, upstream/downstream relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems, long range optimization, etc.
‐ Legislation and Organization: Detailed systems and capacity development required in order to implement a legislative framework‐ Identification of proper paths for a new form of development, leap frog approaches
‐ Ensuring implementation of proper monitoring and data management‐ Adequate settings of water quality standards/effluent standards
‐ Coordination among relevant water organizations and regulations‐ Partnership among NGOs, GOs and various stakeholders, Cooperation between member countries, etc.
‐ Water quality management at the basin level‐ Integrated management?, upstream/downstream relations, diversified stakeholders, multiphase problems, long range optimization, etc. D
raft near the End of Second Phase
• Driver (Basic causes)– Increase of human activities: Population increase,
economic development, life style change, industrial development, urbanization, etc.
• Pressure to water environment– Waste water and solid from industry, domestic
activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc.
• State change– Algal broom, chemical and biochemical
contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water deterioration
• Impact to human activities– Health effects, degraded living environment,
deteriorated ecosystems, lowering of property values, etc.
• Response (Policy)
Macro policy:Paradigm shift toward sustainable societies
Environmental policyLegislation, Institutional arrangement , technology development, etc.
Environmental policyCountermeasures for degradation of water bodies, monitoring, analysis, etc.
Social systemsCompensation rules, promotion of environmental sciences
M. Suzuki
DPSIR: Structure of water environment issues
1. Past development patterns in Asian countries
2. Some of the Japan`s experiences3. Input to the third phase of WEPA
• Driver (Basic causes)– Increase of human activities: Population increase,
economic development, life style change, industrial development, urbanization, etc.
• Pressure to water environment– Waste water and solid from industry, domestic
activities, excess fertilizer, land use change, etc.
• State change– Algal broom, chemical and biochemical
contamination, biodiversity loss, drinking water deterioration
• Impact to human activities– Health effects, degraded living environment,
deteriorated ecosystems, lowering of property values, etc.
• Response (Policy)
Macro policy:Paradigm shift toward sustainable societies
Environmental policyLegislation, Institutional arrangement , technology development, etc.
Environmental policyCountermeasures for degradation of water bodies, monitoring, analysis, etc.
Social systemsCompensation rules, promotion of environmental sciences
M. Suzuki
DPSIR: Structure of water environment issues
Development causes varieties of degradation in natural water systems,
though water is one of the key elements for development.
1. Past development patterns in Asian countries
2. Some of the Japan`s experiences3. Input to the third phase of WEPA
100
1,000
10,000
100,000USAJapanGermanyKoreaMalaysiaChinaThailandMongolIndonesiaSri LankaPhilippinesBhutanVietnamIndiaLao PDRPakistanCambodiaBangladeshNepal
1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010
Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Japan
1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010
Experiences of Japan during its economic developmentExperiences of Japan during its economic development
GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)
Toky
o O
lym
pic
Inco
me
do
ub
ling
Pla
n Oil
Cri
sis
Rio
UN
CE
D
Sto
ckh
olm
UN
CH
E
En
d o
f C
old
War
Industrial pollution
Urban env.problems
Po
lluti
on
Pre
ven
tio
n B
asic
Act
Po
lluti
on
Pre
ven
tio
n B
asic
Act
Wat
er P
ollu
tio
n C
on
tro
l Law
Tota
l E
fflu
ent
Co
ntr
ol
N,P
Co
ntr
ol
Bas
ic L
aw o
f E
nvi
ron
men
t
Bas
ic L
aw o
n S
ou
nd
Mat
eria
l Cyc
le
Bas
ic L
aw o
n B
iod
iver
sity
Act
on
Glo
bal
War
min
g C
ou
nte
rmea
sure
s
Po
lluti
on
Pre
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n B
asic
Act
Po
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on
Pre
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asic
Act
Wat
er P
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on
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Tota
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Co
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Co
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Wat
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Co
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Bas
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Mat
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Law
on
So
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ater
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ycle
Bas
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aw o
n B
iod
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Bas
ic L
aw o
n B
iod
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Act
on
Glo
bal
War
min
g C
ou
nte
rmea
sure
sA
ct o
n G
lob
al W
arm
ing
Co
un
term
easu
res
Industrial pollution
Global environmental
problems
Urban environmental
problems
Poverty limit
<$2/day
City water and on‐site sewagesystems (60‐75)
Severe pollution incidents
100
1,000
10,000
100,000USAJapanGermanyKoreaMalaysiaChinaThailandMongolIndonesiaSri LankaPhilippinesBhutanVietnamIndiaLao PDRPakistanCambodiaBangladeshNepal
1960 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 2010
Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
Economic Development in Asian Countries(http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD)
GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)GDP per Cap
ita (current USD
)
Urban EnvironmentProblems
Global Climate
Compressed Environmental
ProblemsIndustrial Pollution
Poverty Level < $2/day
Urban population increases in Asian countries, 1970‐2010
World Development Bank, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, 2012
Urban population increases in Asian countries, 1970‐2010
World Development Bank, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS, 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Japan
Korea
USA
Germany
Malaysia
Mongolia
Indonesia
China
Philippines
Pakistan
Bhutan
Thailand
Laos PDR
India
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Nepal
Sri Lanka
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population Ratio in
Urban
Areas (%) Definition of
“urban” ?
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per CapitaWUP 2011 (UN DESA Pop. Div.)
Urban Population Proportion versus GDP per CapitaWUP 2011 (UN DESA Pop. Div.)
GDP per Capita (2010)GDP per Capita (2010)
Germany
USA
Bangladesh
JapanPercentage Urban
Percentage Urban
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Urbanization seems roughly linked with the
economic development
Half of the population is urban
Cambodia
IndonesiaChina
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Vietnam
MyanmarPakistan
India
Bhutan
Mongolia
Thailand
Korea
Water and LivesTaihu Lake, 2007
Quindao, 2008Green lavers, Quindao, 2011.7.18Hong Kong, 2001New York Harbor, 2010Kagoshima Bay, 2010.07.28
Algal bloom as an exampleWater resources
100
1000
10000
100 1000 10000 100000
: Total renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr): Total internal renewable water resources per capita (m3/capita/yr)
Total w
ater withdrawal per capita (m
3/cap
ita/yr)
Lao PDRBhutan
Pakistan
Korea
India
GermanyChinaSri Lanka
Japan PhilippinesThailand
NepalBangladesh
Indonesia
Vietnam
Mongolia
Malaysia
Myanmar
USA
Cambodia
Fresh water resources and withdrawal per capita of Asian countries(prepared from Aquastat, FAO (2014.1))
Fresh water resources and withdrawal per capita of Asian countries(prepared from Aquastat, FAO (2014.1))
Water and Lives
Run‐off water
Surface water, etc. Agricultural use
Industrial use
Domestic use
Environmental Water
Agricultural product
Industrial product
Product from Services
Gross Domestic Product
Natural Resources, ecosystem services
Fertilizer, skill, etc.
Ind. structure, capacity, etc.
Market systems, etc.
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
GDP per Capita (2010)GDP per Capita (2010)
Nepal
Ban
glad
esh
Cam
bodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
Bhutan
Mongolia
Sri Lan
kaIndonesia
China
Thailand
Malaysia
Korea.
Germ
any
Japan
USA Water
withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
Water withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
AQUASTAT (FAO),Most recent statistics.From 2000‐2010
World Bank, 2012
1
10
100
1,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
Agricultural withdrawal
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
GDP per Capita (2010)GDP per Capita (2010)
Nepal
Ban
glad
esh
Cam
bodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
Bhutan
Mongolia
Sri Lan
kaIndonesia
China
Thailand
Malaysia
Korea.
Germ
any
Japan
USA Water
withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
Water withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
AQUASTAT (FAO),Most recent statistics.From 2000‐2010
World Bank, 2012
1
10
100
1,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
Domestic withdrawal
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
GDP per Capita (2010)GDP per Capita (2010)
Nepal
Ban
glad
esh
Cam
bodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
Bhutan
Mongolia
Sri Lan
kaIndonesia
China
Thailand
Malaysia
Korea.
Germ
any
Japan
USA Water
withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
Water withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
AQUASTAT (FAO),Most recent statistics.From 2000‐2010
World Bank, 2012
1
10
100
1,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Agricultural
Domestic
Industrial
Industrial withdrawal
1
10
100
1,000
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Agricultural
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
Water withdrawal per Cap
ita (m
3/year)
GDP per Capita (2010)GDP per Capita (2010)
Nepal
Ban
glad
esh
Cam
bodia
Pakistan
Lao PDR
Vietnam
India
Philippines
Bhutan
Mongolia
Sri Lan
kaIndonesia
China
Thailand
Malaysia
Korea.
Germ
any
Japan
USA Water
withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
Water withdrawalsVs. GDPin Asian countries
AQUASTAT (FAO),Most recent statistics.From 2000‐2010
World Bank, 2012
Importance of wastewater treatments
Water withdrawalsWater withdrawals
Southeast Asian countries have enjoyed the benefit of precipitation driven by the Monsoon.
The amount of withdrawal per capita is quite varied from country to country. Water resources may limit further development in some areas.
Agricultural water use is not a strong function of GDP but fertilizer consumption should be carefully controlled for excess application to be avoided.
Countries moving into industrialization and/or urbanization must be prepared for the increase of water demands. Development of policies related to water management becomes one of the essential factors for achieving sustainability in the future.
Coverage of Domestic Water Systems in Japan,1960‐2000
Coverage of Domestic Water Systems in Japan,1960‐2000
100 1000 10000 100000
100
80
60
40
20
0
GDP per Capita (1991 USD)
Population Coverage (%) City Water
Large‐scaleSewerageSystems
1960
20001980
1970On‐siteTreatment,Jokaso Cost of Large‐
scale Sewerage Systems:1. Initial cost2. Operation
cost
3. Maintenance/Replacement
The Minamata Disease
• The Nippon Chisso Co. had been producing ammonia sulfate fertilizer since 1932.
• Its Minamata complex was also the top manufacturer of acetylene‐derived acetaldehyde (1953‐) which was a valuable raw material for producing DOP, a plasticizer for PVC (polyvinyl chloride).– Mercury was used as a catalyst for acetaldehyde production, often
released to the Minamata Bay with other wastes from the production processes.
– Tiny fraction of mercury discharged to the sea was gradually converted into toxic methyl compounds by biomes in the sea.
• In 1968, the government officially recognized that the mercury discharge from Chisso company was the cause of the Minamata disease.– Number of designated victims is around 5,000 so far.
Simplified Picture of the Minamata EventsSimplified Picture of the Minamata Events
HgO2 Hg
Fe2S3
C2=H2 CH3CHO
Acetylene Acetaldehyde・DOP (Dioctyl‐Phthalate)・ Acetic Acid・ Ethyl Acetate・ Vinyl Acetate・ Others
Plastics, Cloth, Construction materials, etc.
CaC2
Calcium Carbide
Hg, Hg CH3X(Methyl Mercury)
Hg CH3X → Fish, Shellfish
Tragedy
Foods
The Minamata Disease: a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. Symptoms include ataxia, numbness in the hands and feet, general muscle weakness, narrowing of the field of vision and damage to hearing and speech. In extreme cases, insanity, paralysis, coma and finally death follows.
Statistics of the Minamata Disease日本の公害経験(1991)より
1. The Nippon Chisso Co. had been spending 1.2 million USD/year (average) for investment for pollution prevention.2. The compensation for the damages
Item Average Annual Expenditure
Compensation for the victims 76.7 million dollar
Recovery for the polluted Minamata land area
42.7 million dollar
Compensation for local fishery damage
6.9 million dollar
1. Diversity of development stages and natural conditions among member countries.
2. Economic development is roughly linked with industrialization and urbanization.
3. Treatment of both industrial and domestic wastewaters becomes significant in most countries.
4. Distributed rather than centralized collection and treatment methods might give sustainable water cycle systems.
5. Challenging tasks are to find comprehensive solutions to compressed environmental problems
Basic matters to be considered:Basic matters to be considered:Third Phase (2014‐2018)
26
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