Water-Energy Nexus
TEXAS WATER CONSERVATION ASSOCIATIONThe Woodlands, Texas
March 6, 2014
Mike Nasi
Jackson Walker [email protected] 512.236.2216
Presentation Outline• Water-Energy Nexus• Energy for Water• Water for Energy• Using the Nexus FOR Texas
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Presentation Outline• Water-Energy Nexus• Energy for Water• Water for Energy• Using the Nexus FOR Texas
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TEXAS NEEDS WATER TO MAKE ELECTRICITY(2-3% of Texas water consumption)
TEXAS NEEDS ELECTRICITY TO PROVIDE WATER (~ 1-3% of Texas electricity consumption)
Source: H2O4Tx & Freese & Nichols
Presentation Outline• Water-Energy Nexus• Energy for Water• Water for Energy• Using the Nexus FOR Texas
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WATER SYSTEM ELECTRICITY NEEDS
WATER SOURCE
CONVEYANCEWATER
TREATMENTDISTRIBUTION
ENDUSERS
WASTEWATERCOLLECTION
WASTEWATERTREATMENT
RECYCLED WATER
TREATMENT
WATER SOURCE
EXTRACTION
Based on model shown in Analysis of the Energy Intensity of Water Supplies for West Basin Municipal Water District, authored by Robert C. Wilkinson, Ph.D.
Source: H2O4Tx & Freese & Nichols
Energy Penalty of Treatment
•Conventional water treatment = 0.1-1.0 kwh/1000g
•Desal of brackish groundwater = 2.5-7.0 kwh/1000g
•Desal of seawater = 7.6-13.6 kwh /1000g
Presentation Outline• Water-Energy Nexus• Energy for Water• Water for Energy• Using the Nexus FOR Texas
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Consumption v. Use• Key distinction between use and consumption. • Water “used” can be reused.• Water “consumed” is not available for another use. • Example: Water use includes a power plant
withdrawing water from a supply, using it as cooling water in the plant’s operation, and then reintroducing it back into a water supply. Water “consumed” is the water that is evaporated in the process and not directly reintroduced into the water supply.
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Condenser
“Once-Through” Reservoir Cooling System
Cooling Reservoir
Recirculated Cooling Water
As NeededMakeup Water
Evaporation, Radiation, & Convection Cool Water Generator
ELECTRICITY
Turbine
ProcessSteam
Process Steamfrom Boiler
Process Water to Boiler
Warmed Water
Condenser
Cooled Water
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Source: AEP
Condenser
Evaporative Cooling Tower System
Turbine
ProcessSteam
Recirculated Cooling Water
Generator
As NeededMakeup Water
Reuse in other Plant Processes
Treatment
Discharge
Blowdown
Evaporation Cools Water
ELECTRICITY
Process Water to Boiler
Process Steamfrom Boiler
Cooled Water
Warmed Water
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Source: AEP
Typical Dry Cooling System
Turbine
Fans
Air-CooledCondenser
ConvectionCools Steam
ProcessSteam
Process Steamfrom Boiler
Process Water to Boiler
Generator
ELECTRICITY
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Source: AEP
Presentation Outline• Water-Energy Nexus• Energy for Water• Water for Energy• Using the Nexus FOR TexasNot as spin to convince the government
to pick winners & losers.
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The Water-Energy Nexus Needs to be About Cooperation, not Spin
BUILDING UPTEARING DOWN
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Needless Attack # 1
TEARING DOWN
Power plants consume “too much” water
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REALITY
Power plants are good stewards and consume
relatively little of the State’s water resources
BUILDING UPTexas Fleet
Efficiency and Cooperation with Water Providers
Ensures Drought Tolerance
PERC. Acre-Feet
Irrigation 60% 9,256,426
Steam Electric 3% 412,607
Mining/E&P 1% 228,542
Manufacturing 7% 1,095,789
Municipal 27% 4,158,203
Livestock 2% 308,098
TOTAL 100% 15,459,665
Water Consumption in Texas by Sector
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Source: Kent Zammit, Viability and Impacts of Implementing Various Power Plant Cooling Technologies, 2012 Technical Report, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) (Oct. 2012)
Power Plant Stewardship of Water
Thermoelectric, freshwater
Year
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
With
dra
wa
l (b
illio
n g
allo
ns
pe
r d
ay)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Ga
llon
s/M
W-h
ou
r
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Source: EPRI
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Needless Attack # 2
TEARING DOWN
One of the best things you can do to “save” water is turn your lights off.
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REALITY
Of all the things Texans can do to
save water, turning off the lights is not high
on the list.
BUILDING UP
Energy efficiency and water
conservation groups should join
forces in educational efforts.
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Needless Attack # 3
TEARING DOWN
Texas could “save” water if it shut down coal plants and replaced them with natural gas plants.
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REALITY
Allegation of water “savings” flawed:
• Fleet consumption rates skewed
• Resource adequacy realities ignored
BUILDING UP
Let the market work and newer
technologies will come on line that use less water for every type of fuel.
Press Release Graphic of UT BEG Study
Flawed Assumption: assumed the worst consumption rate for replaced coal units and the best consumption rate for the gas units that the study alleges would “replace” them
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Comparison of Power Plant Water Consumption Rates
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WATER COOLED POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION RATES (gal/kWh)
FUEL SOURCE Cooling Tower Once-Through
AVERAGE RATE OVER
TEXAS FLEET
Coal .60 - .66 .34 - .45 0.51
Natural Gas (water cooled)
Simple Cycle -.70 -1.03Combined Cycle-.22-.23
Simple Cycle - .35-.37Combined Cycle-.22-.23 0.73
Nuclear .60 .60 0.67
Sources: Water Consumption and Withdrawal for Power Generation in Texas, TWDB, 2008, 2012.
Cherry-picking consumption rates when assuming water “savings” is inappropriate.
NO MEGAWATTS TO SPARE: Production & Manufacturing = Rising Demand for
Electricity (& Water)• Texas uses more energy than any other state in the
nation, almost as much as the next two states (California and Florida) combined.
• Nearly half of Texas’ electricity use is for industry and manufacturing, which includes the oil & gas and petrochemical industries (more than next 3 states combined).
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Source: Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, Ranked by State, 2010 Rankings, U.S. EIA.
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“Saving” Water By Attacking Existing Investment / Assets – an example closer to home
• Closing an existing power plant in Texas under the theory that a new plant will be more water-efficient is like. . .
• . . .closing an existing surface water reservoir in Texas under the theory that a new project will be more water-efficient (e.g., less evaporation)
NO MEGAWATTS OR ACRE FEET TO SPARE!
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NO MEGAWATTS TO SPARE: Cloud Computing’s Growing
Electricity Demands
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The Cloud will consume more electricity this year than all of the world’s lighting in 1985 & that consumption will grow significantly every year. . .
Source: Mark P. Mills, Big Data, Big Networks, Big Infrastructure, and Big Power (August 2013)
If the Cloud Were A Country. . .
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Source: Mills, Big Data.
In Terms We Can All Understand…
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Source: Mills, Big Data.
= 1 Year
1 Hour/Week/Year
“…using [a phone or tablet]
to watch an hour of video weekly consumes annually more electricity in the remote networks
than two new refrigerators
use in a year.”
And the Cloud is Growing in Texas…
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Source: The Texas IT Services Industry, Texas Wide Open for Business, 2013.
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ALL of the ABOVE !
Remember . . .
WATER-ENERGY NEXUS
FOR
TEXAS
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