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Definition and
Terminologies:
Concept of place and
space
BUEU 3108-WEEK 2
By Miss Nur Rasyiqah Abu Hassan
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INTRODUCTION
Urban design can be defined as the art of place makingin cities and towns (Walton, 2000).
Urban design is an integral part of the process of city
planning and dealing with three dimensionalaspect ofcities.
It is a multidisciplinary activity of shaping andmanaging urban environment where it concerns withthe process of shaping the space ad the space is beingshape. (Madanipour, 1996)
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Through history, urban design has been used to/for:
1. Demonstrate mans power over fellow man and
nature
2. Economic growth
3. Defence from militaristic attack and:
4. To compensate for loss of nature
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It is the interphase between architecture andtown planning. Both skills are required for itspractice.
Distribution of resources and theorganization of Land uses,
transport and infrastructure
Concern with the design andconstruction of individual or a small
group of buildings having a client withclear sets of requirement& objectives
TOWN
PLANNING
ARCHITECTURE
URBAN DESIGN
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URBAN DESIGN .. ?
Fill the gap which concentrates mainly on the external spaces
that support the activities outside in relation to the activities
inside the individuals building.
Dealing with non visual aspect: Noise, smells or feelings that
contribute to the character of the place.
The main objective of Urban design is to provide an urban form
that facilitateand maintainsa functional balance between the
human needs, environmental factors and financial constrains. .
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Urban design can be enhanced by the geographical
understanding of place as a process (Massey, 2005).
Agreed by Berdoulay and Massey (in Amdur and Epstein 2012)
who stated that place is considered as a process.
Stenberg, E (2007) mentioned that urban design comes into its
own as the field that engages the human experience of the
built environment.
Depriest-Hricko and Prytherch, (2008) also stated that if a place
is defined by perception and stories, planning and urban design
can play a key role in engaging and articulating them spatially.
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Amdur and Epstein (2012) defined urban design as the
experience of place which marks the beginning and the end of
a project.
Irvine (2012) stated that a good urban design will consider a
few aspects including making place for people.
Most definitions of place is sharing two fundamentals which
is (i) a place is a geographical entity; and (ii) a place carries
meaning.
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Urban Design Theory
Harland Barthholomew, 1930.
Design in an urban context, public environment andlargescale architecture
Physical aspect of city planning
New separate profession between fields ofArchitecture and Planning.
Urban design is the art of designing large parts ofthe built environment a general level prior to thedesign of a particular building or other component
in detail.
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Urban Design Theory
Jonathan Barnett, 1970s.
Part of the process whereby society achieve the
creation, renewal and maintenance of the urbanfabric and urban infrastructure
Designing of cities without designing buildings;.
Writing rules for significant choices that shape the
city within an institutional framework that can bemodified as times and needs change.
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Urban Design Theory
Ali Madanipour, 1997. Urban design can be defined as the multi-
disciplinary activity of shaping and managing urban
environments, interested in both the process of this
shaping and the spaces it helps shape.
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identified 7 areas of confusion and ambiguity that contributed to
difficulties in understanding urban design.
1. The scale of urban fabric which urban design addresses;
2. The visual or the spatial emphases of urban design;
3. The spatial or the social emphases of urban design;
4. The relationship between process and product in the city
design;
5. The relationshipbetween different professionals and their
activities;
6. The public or the private sector affiliation of urban design, and
7. The design as an objective-rational or an expressive-subjective
process
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Contemporary Urban Design Theory
Wall and Waterman, 2010. Concern on how people function
with shaping city and urban spaces to:
1. Encourage social activities within the urbanfabric
2. Create positive social interactions
3. Satisfy ecological needs
4. Mitigate negative effects of urbanisation
5. Promote economic growth
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In 1900-1950sThe rise of Urban Planning :Civic Design
1960s-1070sScope of planning widens atexpense of Urban Design
1980s-1990sRise of Urban Design
NOW?
Why urban design then?
Hi f h h d d l
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Metaphor Disposition Priority Key Figures
c.
1890
ART Pro-street learning from
the past
AESTATHIC Sittle
Unwin
Hagemann
&Peets
c.
1920
MACHINE Anti-street learning
from the past
Function Howards
Corbusier
Wrightc.
1960
TEXT/LANGUAGE
(critics and
investigation)
Pro-street locality/Place
Heritage
Learning from past
Meaning
Legibility
Lynch
Jacobs, J
Cullen
c.
1985
Primers for practice Bentley et all
AlexanderTrancik
c.
2000
RECENT Multiple strands : New Urbanism,
Infrastructure and movement, ecology,
Sustainability etc
Calthorpe
Hillier
Koolhaas
Arida
History of theory, concept, approach and models.
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Why urban design then?
The need for Urban design is derived from the decline of the
public realm.
In the 90s, the city centers is become a threatening place.
Tompkins Square Park in the 1980s and 90s
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Space left after planning is visually unattractive, and
functionally useless, awkward, expensive to maintain
and then become neglected and unkempt. Achievements of good design is not part of the
fundamental objectives of the planning system.
Planning should be more than a short-term
expediency in land sales and subsequent
development.
Planning process cannot be divorced from issues of
architectural quality and maintenance of builtenvironment.
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urban design as the art of making a place for
people.
urban design is seen as a key to create a
sustainable environment and a good design may
help in creating a lively place with distinctive
character, streets and public spaces are safe,accessible, pleasant to use, suited to human scale,
and place that inspire because of the imagination
and sensitivity of the designer
Irvine (2012) stated that a good urban design will
consider a few aspects including makingplacefor
people.
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PLACE
&
SPACE
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Place matters more than individual building and
vehicular traffic. We must exploit individuality,
uniqueness anddifferences between places.
Main objective of urban design is to achieve sense of
place.
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Low and Altman (1992) used the term place
attachmentto refer to the phenomena of human
place bonding. While they stressed that affect,
emotion and feeling are central to the concept, theyalso indicated that these emotional elements are
often accompanied by cognition (thought,
knowledge and belief) and practice (action and
behaviour)
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PLACE
=Geographical + Architectural + social connection
Identity + Character = Sense of place
General atmosphereof a place
Visual image thatreflects unique
qualities
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PLACEgeographical, architectural & Social
Connotation
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PLACEgeneral atmosphere that respond to
human emotions
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PLACEGenius Loci
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PLACEidentity and unique qualities
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PLACEThe concept of sense of place
creating somewhere that is recognisably distinct but
simultaneously unique will strengthen local identity.
Urban Design Compadium, 2003
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Lynch (1981), sense is the interactionbetween
person and place depends on spatial form and
quality, culture, temperament, status, experienceand current purpose of the observer.
Steele define sense of place as, a creation from the
pattern of reaction that a setting stimulates for aperson.
Lopez (2009) added that the specific experience a
person has in a particular setting, and how thatsetting causes him or her to feel, is what directs and
moulds an individuals sense of place.
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What do you all feel
about today places?
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Places are created by attribution of meanings to the
physical form.
Place is affected by people and people is affected by
place.
Time is a major component of place Longer
existence, deeper meanings.
Lack of sense of continuity creates uncomfortableenvironments that can lead to environmental
numbness and society that dontvalue its heritage.
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Steele (1981) claimed that new development
nowadays lacks sensitivity towards the diversity of
place which creates a place which has no variety,
surprising elements or even a trace of its history.This enigma has caused a place to loose its sense of
place and value.
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PLACEThe components of sense of place
Topics related to the sense of place are physical
elements, meaning, activities and place
attachment.Depriest-Hericho and Psytherch (2008)
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Physical Environment
1. Physical environment - Natural and Man Made
Building and
Vegetation
Building- Height
- colour
-Location
-appearance
Tress- View
- Comfort
Level
-Aestathic
- Public transport
-Private vehicle- walking
Structure Urban space
Street
- Activities
- Character
- Function
- Saftey
- Comfort
Square
- Location
- Character
- Uniqueness
- Safety
Spatial Organization
and Structure View and Movement
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Physical context of place
Natural setting : rivers, forest, trees, hills,
mountains etc.
Utilized to create places such as gardens,
parks and recreation area.
Man made: settlements, and buildings
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Natural setting and urban setting that are disrespected
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Location factors: aerial location, geog setting, topo,
spatial relationship, prominence, visibility, coverage,
activity, associated features, presence of water, sign
and markers
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Physical environment of place
Features of the physical environment associated with
identity
Building : size, scale, proportion, shape, contour,skyline, surface, quality, sign, age, design, materials,
condition, faade and arrangement of buildings
Townscape qualities : Openness, spaciousness,
enclosure, level of orientation, and territorial
definition, quality of views, spatial organization and
structure
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Town scape qualityProminece and visibility
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Hong Kong
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Asakusa Japan
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Location and Juxtaposition
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2. Activities
Function
The component of
activities :
1. the activity proper,
2. the specific way,3. the associate activities
&
4. the symbolic aspect
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Human and Cultural Context:
Human Activities
Can be analyzed by looking at four components:
activity proper, specific way of doing it,
additional, adjacent, or associated activities
The higher the density the more pronounce it is.Location, the time, and the profile of a person
engage in the activities and the way activities
accured must be considered Attributes of physical forms are more meaningful
when they reinforce usage of activity patterns
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Human activities
3 distinct activities that take place in thepublic spaces: necessary, optional and socialactivities
Necessary activities will happened regardlessof the quality of physical environment. Theother two are fostered by a high quality designof the physical environment
These activities enrich cultural significant ofthe city centre.
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Human activities create place by injecting life and
sensory experience
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Streets posses by human activities create meaningful
places that stimulate senses and emotion
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3. Meaning and association
-Manifested at both the
psychological and sociocultural level.
- Place reflection of cultural
and individual identity
(Kyle, G and Chick G , 2012)
- Memory experience
- Heritage elements- Architecture
- Religious value
- Familiarity of place
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Symbol : something that stands for, represent or
denotes something else. It imparts meanings to thebrain without having a relationship to its
phenomenology.
The concept of symbolism embodies abstraction
which is understood when the idea is presents is
understood.
Townscape not built as symbols but accquire
meaning overtime and thereby become symbols.
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It influence perception when it is understood by the people.
This happened when meaning attached to the physical
elements.
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Different culture understand different symbols
or attachment.
Names and familiarity are important for
identity.
Familiar buildings have value because of its
historical association. Urban form will only be
remembered because they marked the path.
Th t f id tit f l
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The concept of identity of place
Identity is quality of being the same in substance,
composition or properties . i.e . Sameness or
oneness.
Components of identity: physical environment +activities + meaning.
Difficult to define because it refers to the
relationship of self to the environment. Part ofpeoples total identity involves identification of
place.
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In urban design identity relates to a visual image of
the environmentthat reflects special or unique
qualities (Characteristic that make it distinct fromothers)
LynchThe extent to which a place being distinct
from othersas having a vivid or unique or at least a
particular character of its own.
Identity is a manifestation of the genius loci of
place to achieve sense of place. To determine and
maintain identity is to respect its genius loci.
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Genius Loci is the spirit of place that gives life to
places and develops over time. It can only be fully
grapse by identifying the existing character of placeand to be in keeping with this character.