VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology Media Enhanced PowerPoint
Presentation Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
2
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Lecture Overview Our Thoughts about Others Our Feelings about
Others Our Actions toward Others Applying Social Psychology to
Social Problems Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd3
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Our Thoughts about Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd4 1.Explain how attributions and attitudes affect the way
we perceive and judge others. 2.Summarize the three components of
attitudes. 3.Describe cultural differences in how people explain
behaviour. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
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Our Thoughts about Others Social Psychology: study of how other
people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions Attribution:
explanation for the cause of behaviours or events To determine the
cause, we first decide whether the behaviour comes from an:
Internal (dispositional) cause, such as personal characteristics,
or External (situational) cause, such as situational demands
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5
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Our Thoughts about Others: Mistaken Attributions Fundamental
attribution error: misjudging causes of others behaviour and
attributing to internal (dispositional) versus external
(situational) ones Saliency bias: may explain this focus on
dispositional causes. Self-Serving Bias: taking credit for our
successes and externalizing our failures Copyright 2013 John Wiley
& Sons, Canada Ltd6
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Our Thoughts about Others Attitude: learned predisposition to
respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviourally to a particular
object Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd7
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Our Thoughts about Others: Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive
Dissonance: feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy
between an attitude and a behaviour or between two competing
attitudes Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8
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Our Thoughts about Others: Cognitive Dissonance Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd9
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Our Thoughts about Others: Cognitive Dissonance Festinger and
Carlsmiths Cognitive Dissonance Study: Participants given VERY
boring tasks to complete, and then paid either $1 or $20 to tell
next participant the task was very enjoyable and fun. Result: Those
paid $1 experienced greater cognitive dissonance, and, therefore
changed their attitude more than those paid $20. Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10
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Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What is the fundamental
attribution error? 2.According to the _____ theory, people are
motivated to change their attitudes because of tension created by a
discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour or between two or
more competing attitudes. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd11
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Our Feelings about Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd12 1.Explain the difference between prejudice and
discrimination. 2.Identify four explanations for why prejudice
develops. 3.Summarize the factors that influence interpersonal
attraction. 4.Explain how loving is different from liking. LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
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Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice: learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of
a group Discrimination: negative behaviours directed at members of
a group Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13
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Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimination
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd14
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Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimination There
are three components of prejudice: 1.Cognitive Stereotype: set of
beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized
to all group members 2.Affective: feelings associated with objects
of prejudice 3.Behavioural Discrimination: negative behaviours
directed at members of a group Copyright 2013 John Wiley &
Sons, Canada Ltd15
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Our Feelings about Others: Sources of Prejudice and
Discrimination Learned response Mental shortcut Ingroup
favouritism: ingroup viewed more positively than outgroup Outgroup
homogeneity effect: outgroup judged as less diverse than ingroup
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16
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Our Feelings about Others: Prejudice and Discrimina- tion
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd17
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Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Do you believe you are
free of prejudice? Would you date and marry someone of another
ethnic group? If you are heterosexual, would you live with a
roommate who is gay or lesbian? Why or why not? Copyright 2013 John
Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd18
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Our Feelings about Others: Interpersonal Attraction
Interpersonal attraction: positive feelings toward another Three
key factors: Physical attractiveness Proximity (geographic
closeness) Similarity Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd19
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Our Feelings about Others: Interpersonal Attraction (Liking and
Loving) Liking is a favourable evaluation of another. Copyright
2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20
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Our Feelings about Others: Interpersonal Attraction Romantic
Love: erotic attraction with future expectations Companionate Love:
lasting attraction based on trust, caring, tolerance, and
friendship Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21
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Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how
prejudice differs from discrimination. 2.How does romantic love
differ from companionate love? Copyright 2013 John Wiley &
Sons, Canada Ltd22
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Our Actions Towards Others Copyright 2013 John Wiley &
Sons, Canada Ltd23 1.Identify the factors that contribute to
conformity and obedience. 2.Explain how groups affect behaviour and
decision-making. 3.Summarize the biological and psychosocial
factors believed to be involved in aggression. 4.Compare the
egoistic model with the empathyaltruism hypothesis. LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
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Our Actions toward Others: Social Influence Conformity:
changing behaviour because of real or imagined group pressure
Obedience: following direct commands, usually from an authority
figure Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd24
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Our Actions toward Others: Conformity Aschs Conformity Study
Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X.
When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (A or C), more than
1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices. Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25
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Our Actions toward Others: Conformity Why do we conform?
Normative social influence: need for approval and acceptance
Informational social influence: need for information and direction
Reference groups: we conform to people we like and admire because
we want to be like them Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd26
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Our Actions toward Others: Obedience Milgrams obedience study:
Participants serving as teachers are ordered to continue shocking
someone with a known heart condition who is begging to be released.
Result: 65% of teachers delivered highest level of shock (450
volts) to the heart condition learner. Copyright 2013 John Wiley
& Sons, Canada Ltd27
Our Actions toward Others: Obedience Four major factors
affecting obedience: legitimacy and closeness of the authority
figure remoteness of the victim assignment of responsibility
modeling/imitation Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd29
Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking How would you have behaved
if you were a teacher in Milgrams obedience studies? Would you have
given the highest level of shocks? What about your best friend or
parents? Would their behaviour differ from yours? Why and how?
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31
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Our Actions toward Others: Group Processes Group membership
involves: Roles: set of behavioural patterns connected with
particular social positions Deindividuation: anonymity leads to
reduced inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal responsibility
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32
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Group Processes: Power of the Situation Zimbardos Stanford
Prison Study Students were randomly assigned to play the role of
either prisoner or guard. Original study was scheduled for 2 weeks,
but it was stopped after 6 days due to serious psychological
changes in both prisoners and guards. Copyright 2013 John Wiley
& Sons, Canada Ltd33
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Group Processes: Problems with Decision Making Group
Polarization: group movement toward either a riskier or more
conservative decision; result depends on the members initial
dominant tendency Groupthink: faulty decision making occurring when
a highly cohesive group seeks agreement and avoids inconsistent
information Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34
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Our Actions toward Others: Group Processes How Groupthink
occurs Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35
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Our Actions toward Others: Aggression Aggression: any behaviour
intended to harm someone Biological factors in aggression:
instincts, genes, brain and nervous system, hormones and
neurotransmitters, substance abuse, and other mental disorders
Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36
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Our Actions toward Others: Aggression Psychosocial Factors in
Aggression: Aversive stimuli Culture and learning Violent
media/video games Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd37
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Our Actions toward Others: Aggression How can we control or
reduce aggression? Introduce incompatible responses Improve social
and communication skills Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd38
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Our Actions toward Others: Altruism Altruism: actions designed
to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper Why do we
help? Egoistic Model: helping motivated by anticipated gain
Empathy-Altruism Model: helping motivated by empathy Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd39
Our Actions toward Others: Altruism Why dont we help? Diffusion
of Responsibility: dilution, or diffusion, of personal
responsibility by spreading it among others Ambiguity of the
Situation: unclear what help is needed Copyright 2013 John Wiley
& Sons, Canada Ltd41
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Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how
groupthink differs from group polarization. 2.What are the best
ways to reduce aggression? Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd42
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Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd43 1.Describe four major
approaches to reducing prejudice and discrimination. 2.Explain how
social changes might create cognitive dissonance and eventually
promote a reduction in prejudice. 3.Summarize the principles that
explain destructive obedience to authority. LEARNING
OBJECTIVES:
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Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Prejudice and
discrimination How do we reduce prejudice and discrimination?
Encourage cooperation and superordinate goals Increased contact
Cognitive retraining Employ cognitive dissonance Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd44
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Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems: Destructive
Obedience How do we reduce destructive obedience? Adjust
socialization toward obedience Recognize power of the situation
Protect against groupthink Avoid foot-in-the-door technique: making
a small request followed by increasingly larger requests Guard
against relaxed moral guard Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd45
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Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides
scientific research and insight into social problems, like
prejudice and destructive obedience. Psychologists also produce
concrete suggestions for reducing these problems. Copyright 2013
John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd46
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Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Chapter 15 is often the
last chapter covered in a general psychology course. If this is
true for you, stop and take the time to list the top 5 to 10
concepts or terms that you learned in this course and want to
remember for the rest of your life. Copyright 2013 John Wiley &
Sons, Canada Ltd47
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Multimedia Social Psychology Network Welcome to Social
Psychology Network, one of the largest Internet sites devoted to
psychological research and teaching. Mirror Neurons Why do sports
fans feel so emotionally invested in the game, reacting almost as
if they were part of the game themselves? You Have Found the
Prisoners Dilemma A fiendish cyberspace wizard has locked you and
Serendip into a diabolical game with the following rules Locus Of
Control & Attributional Style Test Do you control your destiny
or are you controlled by it? Project Implicit The demonstration
site for the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Cognitive Dissonance
theory Cognitive Dissonance theory was first developed by Leon
Festinger in 1956 after the publication of a book When Prophecy
Fails, written with co-authors Henry W. Riecken and Stanley
Schachter, to explain how members of a UFO doomsday cult increased
their commitment to the cult when a prophesised destruction of the
Earth did not happen. Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is
a theory of human motivation that asserts that it is
psychologically uncomfortable to hold contradictory cognitions.
Festinger and Carlsmith Cognitive consequences of forced compliance
Understanding Prejudice Exercises and Demonstrations Justice4Youth
Justice4Youth Homepage Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd Web Links 48
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Multimedia Kids Help Phone Homepage Virtual Attractiveness A
remarkable result of our research project is that faces which have
been rated as highly attractive do not exist in reality. How Love
Works If you've ever been in love, you've probably at least
considered classifying the feeling as an addiction. The Science of
Love Poets have been struggling to describe love for centuries.
Indecently Exposed Profile: Jane Elliott Stanley Milgram The
purpose of this website is to be a source of accurate information
about the life and work of one of the most outstanding social
scientists of our time, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Thirty Years Later, Stanford Prison Experiment Lives On Thirty
years ago, a group of young men were rounded up by Palo Alto police
and dropped off at a new jail -- in the Stanford Psychology
Department. A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment
Conducted at Stanford University Welcome to the Stanford Prison
Experiment web site, which features an extensive slide show and
information about this classic psychology experiment, including
parallels with the abuse of prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Philip G.
Zimbardo Welcome to the website of Philip G. Zimbardo, Professor
Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University, current core faculty
at Palo Alto University, two-time past president of the Western
Psychological Association, and the past president of the American
Psychological Association. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd Web Links 49
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Multimedia How Groups can Intensify Decisions People in groups
often advocate riskier decisions than individuals Helping
Preschoolers Resolve Social Conflicts We can help even the youngest
of our girls express their feelings and solve conflicts directly so
they don't need to use indirect forms of aggression. Understanding
Boy Aggression What did the boys play at recess today? Media Smarts
Canadas Centre for Digital and Media Literacy Is it the Media? Does
violence in the media contribute to boys' aggressive behavior or
does it reflect it? International Center for Aggression Replacement
Training The International Center for Aggression Replacement
Training, ICART, is an organization devoted to the practice and
evaluation of Aggression Replacement Training (ART), a
cognitive-behavioral intervention designed for aggressive children,
adolescents, and adults. What We Can Do There are ways we can help
support our boys' active impulses and help them work through
feelings of aggression. Re-Establishing Altruism As A Viable Social
Norm What is Altruism? Egoism/Altruism Test Are you the type who
will bend over backwards for others until it hurts or do you merely
look out for #1? Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd
Web Links 50
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Multimedia Research Bulletin: Reducing Prejudice with Fiction
We have discussed the relation between fiction and empathy
extensively in OnFiction, but have not really broached the topic of
what the consequences of this empathy might be. Jigsaw Classroom
Welcome to the official web site of the jigsaw classroom, a
cooperative learning technique that reduces racial conflict among
school children, promotes better learning, improves student
motivation, and increases enjoyment of the learning experience.
Jane Elliots Blue Eyes Brown Eyes Exercise Jane Elliott,
internationally known teacher, lecturer, diversity trainer, and
recipient of the National Mental Health Association Award for
Excellence in Education, exposes prejudice and bigotry for what it
is, an irrational class system based upon purely arbitrary factors.
Jigsaw Classroom Chapter 1: What Happened at Columbine? Resisting
the Effects of Destructive Obedience Obedience is something that
everyone must exhibit in one form or another in order to be
considered a productive member of society, however, obedience may
be taken to a form which in many ways becomes a crime against
others (Hamilton, 1978). Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd Web Links 51
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Multimedia Gender and Love (1:27) Are men from Mars and women
from Venus? As this ScienCentral News video reports, this
Valentine's Day, brain scientists offer new evidence for that
continuing debate. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada
Ltd52 Videos
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Multimedia Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance Imagine that
after months of searching, you and your spouse have found the home
of your dreams a beautiful old house on a tree-lined street. You
love everything about the house, and youre even more captivated by
the old-fashioned charm of the neighbourhood. Then and there, you
decide to make an offer. Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons,
Canada Ltd Animations 53
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