BY GROUP 2
2012 BATCH OPTOMETRY STUDENTS
UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD
VISUAL DISPLAY TERMINALS
VDTOCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
Objectives
VDTOCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
Objectives
Identify and Evaluate the Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated With VDT Environments
Develop Effective Engineering and Administrative Controls to Minimize Exposures Associated With VDT Environments
Identify and Evaluate the Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated With VDT Environments
Develop Effective Engineering and Administrative Controls to Minimize Exposures Associated With VDT Environments
CURRENT VDT ISSUESCURRENT VDT ISSUES
Visual Discomfort Electromagnetic Frequency ( EMF )
Exposure Fatigue / Stress Musculoskeletal Disorders
Visual Discomfort Electromagnetic Frequency ( EMF )
Exposure Fatigue / Stress Musculoskeletal Disorders
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Complaints
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Complaints
Eye Strain - Largest Single Complaint Burning / Itching Eyes Headaches Cataracts
Eye Strain - Largest Single Complaint Burning / Itching Eyes Headaches Cataracts
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Causes
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Causes
Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Dry Eyes Uncorrected Vision Problems Vision Correcting Eyewear - Focusing Difficulties Possible Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) Relationship
Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Dry Eyes Uncorrected Vision Problems Vision Correcting Eyewear - Focusing Difficulties Possible Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ ) Relationship
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Current Consensus
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Current Consensus No Evidence That VDT Work Leads
to Visual Damage No Proven Correlation Between VDT Usage
and Cataracts Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue
Lighting / Glare Monitor Height & Distance to Eyes Visual Concentration on Monitor
Dry Eyes VDT Environment Less Humid Eye Blink Rate: 3. 6 / Min VDT vs. 18. 4 / Min Normal
Regular Vision Exams Recommended
No Evidence That VDT Work Leads to Visual Damage
No Proven Correlation Between VDT Usageand Cataracts
Eye Muscle Strain / Fatigue Lighting / Glare Monitor Height & Distance to Eyes Visual Concentration on Monitor
Dry Eyes VDT Environment Less Humid Eye Blink Rate: 3. 6 / Min VDT vs. 18. 4 / Min Normal
Regular Vision Exams Recommended
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness
Lighting / Glare VDT: 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum Light Level Office: 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum Light Level Don’t Place VDT Directly Under
Bright Overhead Lights Provide Indirect Lighting and Supplement
With Task Lighting Place VDT Parallel to Windows Low Reflective Walls / Work Surfaces Anti-Glare Screens: Last Resort Only
Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Lighting / Glare
VDT: 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum Light Level Office: 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum Light Level Don’t Place VDT Directly Under
Bright Overhead Lights Provide Indirect Lighting and Supplement
With Task Lighting Place VDT Parallel to Windows Low Reflective Walls / Work Surfaces Anti-Glare Screens: Last Resort Only
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures
Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Ensure Monitor Display Quality
No Apparent Flicker (Older Monitors) Adjustable Brightness and Contrast High Resolution and Polarity
Adjust Monitor Height and Distance Top Character Line on Screen 15 - 20 Degrees
Below Horizontal Eye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward
Eye to Screen Distance 20”- 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )
Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Ensure Monitor Display Quality
No Apparent Flicker (Older Monitors) Adjustable Brightness and Contrast High Resolution and Polarity
Adjust Monitor Height and Distance Top Character Line on Screen 15 - 20 Degrees
Below Horizontal Eye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward
Eye to Screen Distance 20”- 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness
Eye Focusing / Muscle Defatigue Exercises 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break ( Focus / Refocus )
After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work Remember to Blink Eyes Frequently
> 18 Blinks / Min. Minimum to Refresh Eyes Contact Lens Wearers Should Supplement
Own Tears Via Eye / Rewetting Drops
Eye: Strain / Fatigue / Dryness Eye Focusing / Muscle Defatigue Exercises
1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break ( Focus / Refocus ) After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work
Remember to Blink Eyes Frequently > 18 Blinks / Min. Minimum to Refresh Eyes
Contact Lens Wearers Should SupplementOwn Tears Via Eye / Rewetting Drops
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures
VISUAL DISCOMFORT
Control Measures Vision / Eyewear
Regular Eye Exams New Hire / Transfer Annual
VDT Specific Corrective Lenses Fixed Focal Length No Bi / Tri-Focals
Inform Optometrist / Ophthalmologist of VDT Work and Eye / Screen Distance Some VDT Users May Need a Correction Diff.
From One Needed For Reading / Driving
Vision / Eyewear Regular Eye Exams
New Hire / Transfer Annual
VDT Specific Corrective Lenses Fixed Focal Length No Bi / Tri-Focals
Inform Optometrist / Ophthalmologist of VDT Work and Eye / Screen Distance Some VDT Users May Need a Correction Diff.
From One Needed For Reading / Driving
ELECTROMAGNETICFREQUENCY (EMF) EXPOSURE
Complaints
ELECTROMAGNETICFREQUENCY (EMF) EXPOSURE
Complaints Reproductive Disorders
Birth Defects Stillbirths Spontaneous Abortions
Cancer Leukemia Lymphomas Central Nervous System
Cataracts Clusters of Reported Problems
Reproductive Disorders Birth Defects Stillbirths Spontaneous Abortions
Cancer Leukemia Lymphomas Central Nervous System
Cataracts Clusters of Reported Problems
EMF EXPOSURE
Concerns
EMF EXPOSURE
Concerns
EMF Radiation ? Ionizing
X-Ray Non-Ionizing
Infrared Microwave Radiowave VLF ELF
Or Are Other Factors the Real Issue ?
EMF Radiation ? Ionizing
X-Ray Non-Ionizing
Infrared Microwave Radiowave VLF ELF
Or Are Other Factors the Real Issue ?
EMF EXPOSURE
Current Consensus
EMF EXPOSURE
Current Consensus
Recent Studies Conclude: Emissions of All Types of EMFs Are Well Below Accepted Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety Limits
No Direct Causal Link Established BetweenVDT Use and Reproductive Disorders, Canceror Cataract Formation
Other Factors ( Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Age,Socioeconomic Status, etc. ) Have a Greater Known Effect
Work Stress May be a Factor More Research Needed / Ongoing
to Determine Correlational / Causal Links
Recent Studies Conclude: Emissions of All Types of EMFs Are Well Below Accepted Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety Limits
No Direct Causal Link Established BetweenVDT Use and Reproductive Disorders, Canceror Cataract Formation
Other Factors ( Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs, Age,Socioeconomic Status, etc. ) Have a Greater Known Effect
Work Stress May be a Factor More Research Needed / Ongoing
to Determine Correlational / Causal Links
EMF EXPOSURE
Control Measures
EMF EXPOSURE
Control Measures
Monitor / CPU Position Front: Min. 12” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG) Rear: Min. 24” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG)
Essentially “ 0 ” Exposure Minimize Exposure to Known Reproductive
and Carcinogenic Risk Factors Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs
Workstation and Job Task Design / Redesignto Minimize Work Stress and Maximize Comfort Level
Monitor / CPU Position Front: Min. 12” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG) Rear: Min. 24” Away = < 1 milligauss (mG)
Essentially “ 0 ” Exposure Minimize Exposure to Known Reproductive
and Carcinogenic Risk Factors Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs
Workstation and Job Task Design / Redesignto Minimize Work Stress and Maximize Comfort Level
Fatigue / Stress
Complaints
Fatigue / Stress
Complaints
Generalized Aches and Pains Constant Fatigue Sleeping / Eating Disorders Increased Reliance Upon Coping Mechanisms
Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs Ulcers High Blood Pressure Coronary Heart / Artery Disease
Generalized Aches and Pains Constant Fatigue Sleeping / Eating Disorders Increased Reliance Upon Coping Mechanisms
Smoking, Alcohol & Drugs Ulcers High Blood Pressure Coronary Heart / Artery Disease
Fatigue / Stress
Causes
Fatigue / Stress
Causes
Anxiety About Job Security Anxiety About Ability to Operate Equipment
Computer Phobia Job Ambiguities Perceived Lack of Control Over Job Concerns About Productivity Shiftwork / OT / Repetitive Work Co-worker / Supervisor / Personal Issues Workstation Design / Layout
Anxiety About Job Security Anxiety About Ability to Operate Equipment
Computer Phobia Job Ambiguities Perceived Lack of Control Over Job Concerns About Productivity Shiftwork / OT / Repetitive Work Co-worker / Supervisor / Personal Issues Workstation Design / Layout
Fatigue / Stress
Current Consensus
Fatigue / Stress
Current Consensus
Lack of Job Satisfaction is Felt by Manyto be the Greatest Stressor
Stress is Related to Overall Job Contentand Not Just VDT Use
Physical Stressors Associated With Workstation Design / Layout Compound Effects of Mental Stressors
Economic Climate Can Significantly Impact Job Fatigue / Stress Levels
Lack of Job Satisfaction is Felt by Manyto be the Greatest Stressor
Stress is Related to Overall Job Contentand Not Just VDT Use
Physical Stressors Associated With Workstation Design / Layout Compound Effects of Mental Stressors
Economic Climate Can Significantly Impact Job Fatigue / Stress Levels
Fatigue / Stress
Control Measures
Design / Redesign Jobs to IncreaseEmployee Control and Involvement
Keep Employees Informed About Job Status, Anticipated Changes andProgress in Achieving Goals
Provide Ergonomically Well-DesignedWorkstations
Train Employees in Proper Adjustment of Workstation Features
Promote On / Off Job Wellness Programs
Design / Redesign Jobs to IncreaseEmployee Control and Involvement
Keep Employees Informed About Job Status, Anticipated Changes andProgress in Achieving Goals
Provide Ergonomically Well-DesignedWorkstations
Train Employees in Proper Adjustment of Workstation Features
Promote On / Off Job Wellness Programs
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Complaints
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Complaints
# 1 - Neck / Shoulder Pain # 2 - Low Back Pain # 3 - Wrist Pain
# 1 - Neck / Shoulder Pain # 2 - Low Back Pain # 3 - Wrist Pain
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Causes
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Causes Workstation Design / Adjustment
Postural Positioning Dynamic Movement Static Loading
Chair, Desk, Keyboard, Monitor, DocumentHolder, Telephone, etc.
Task Design Concentrated Effort / Repetition
Physical, Mental & Visual Physical Environment
Lighting / Noise / Temperature
Workstation Design / Adjustment Postural Positioning Dynamic Movement Static Loading
Chair, Desk, Keyboard, Monitor, DocumentHolder, Telephone, etc.
Task Design Concentrated Effort / Repetition
Physical, Mental & Visual Physical Environment
Lighting / Noise / Temperature
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Current Consensus
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Current Consensus
Continuous VDT Work Defined as > 2,000 Reps / Hr < 30 Sec / Cycle > 3.5 Hrs / Day Continuous
( > 50 % of Workshift ) Symptom Severity for Upper Extremity
and Low Back Injuries / Discomfort Closely Related to Typing Speed and Length of Time Typing
Continuous VDT Work Defined as > 2,000 Reps / Hr < 30 Sec / Cycle > 3.5 Hrs / Day Continuous
( > 50 % of Workshift ) Symptom Severity for Upper Extremity
and Low Back Injuries / Discomfort Closely Related to Typing Speed and Length of Time Typing
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Current Consensus
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Current Consensus
Prolonged Excessive Postural Deviations Dueto Poor Workstation Design / AdjustmentSignificantly Contribute to Injury / Discomfort
Appropriate Task and Workstation Design / Adjustment Can Alleviate Majority of Injuries / Discomfort
Prolonged Excessive Postural Deviations Dueto Poor Workstation Design / AdjustmentSignificantly Contribute to Injury / Discomfort
Appropriate Task and Workstation Design / Adjustment Can Alleviate Majority of Injuries / Discomfort
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Chair - Maximum Adjustability Height - 5 Caster Base Seat Pan - Waterfall Edge Backrest - Lumbar Support Armrests - Optional but Preferred
Footrest - Adjustable Height / Tilt Relieves Body Weight Pressure
on Spine Improves Foot Position Relative
to Chair Height
Chair - Maximum Adjustability Height - 5 Caster Base Seat Pan - Waterfall Edge Backrest - Lumbar Support Armrests - Optional but Preferred
Footrest - Adjustable Height / Tilt Relieves Body Weight Pressure
on Spine Improves Foot Position Relative
to Chair Height
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERSControl MeasuresMUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERSControl Measures
Monitor Adjustability For Height and Distance
Top Character Line 15 - 20 Degrees Below HorizontalEye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward
Eye to Screen Distance 20” - 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )
Articulating Monitor Stand Keyboard / Mouse
Detached For Ease of Movement Adjustability For Height and Distance
Articulating Tray Wrist Support and Mouse Pad Detached Numeric Keypad
Monitor Adjustability For Height and Distance
Top Character Line 15 - 20 Degrees Below HorizontalEye Level & Monitor Angled Appropriately Upward
Eye to Screen Distance 20” - 40” ( Operator Preference Studies 25. 5”- 31” )
Articulating Monitor Stand Keyboard / Mouse
Detached For Ease of Movement Adjustability For Height and Distance
Articulating Tray Wrist Support and Mouse Pad Detached Numeric Keypad
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Desk / Workstation Adjustable Desktop Height Sufficient Under-Desk Legroom / Clearance Good Housekeeping
Office Equipment Document Holder at Monitor Height
Primarily View Monitor: Monitor in Direct View Primarily View Document: Document in Direct View
Calculator, Telephone, etc. Within Individual Comfortable Reach Telephone Handset - Shoulder Rest or Headset
Desk / Workstation Adjustable Desktop Height Sufficient Under-Desk Legroom / Clearance Good Housekeeping
Office Equipment Document Holder at Monitor Height
Primarily View Monitor: Monitor in Direct View Primarily View Document: Document in Direct View
Calculator, Telephone, etc. Within Individual Comfortable Reach Telephone Handset - Shoulder Rest or Headset
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Posture Head / Neck: Vertical and Forward Facing Shoulders: Comfortable / Neutral Posture Upper / Lower Arms: 90 Degree Angle Wrists: Horizontal Back: Upright / Lumbar Support / Contact
Backrest at All Times Upper / Lower Legs: 90 Degree Angle Feet: Supported by Footrest / Reposition
Periodically
Posture Head / Neck: Vertical and Forward Facing Shoulders: Comfortable / Neutral Posture Upper / Lower Arms: 90 Degree Angle Wrists: Horizontal Back: Upright / Lumbar Support / Contact
Backrest at All Times Upper / Lower Legs: 90 Degree Angle Feet: Supported by Footrest / Reposition
Periodically
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Posture Office Equipment Within Individual
Comfortable Reach Monitor, Keyboard and Chair
Adjustments Are Interrelated Training: Proper Posture / Adjustment
of Workstation Features New Hire / Transfer / Periodic Refresher Supervisor Enforcement
Posture Office Equipment Within Individual
Comfortable Reach Monitor, Keyboard and Chair
Adjustments Are Interrelated Training: Proper Posture / Adjustment
of Workstation Features New Hire / Transfer / Periodic Refresher Supervisor Enforcement
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Task Design Provide Ergonomically Well-Designed
Workstations Design / Redesign Jobs to Increase
Employee Control and Involvement 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break
(Stretching / Eyes - Focus / Refocus)After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work
15 Min. Rest Break (10 Min. Minimum)after 2 Hrs. Continuous VDT Work (NIOSH)
Task Design Provide Ergonomically Well-Designed
Workstations Design / Redesign Jobs to Increase
Employee Control and Involvement 1 Min. Rest / Exercise Break
(Stretching / Eyes - Focus / Refocus)After 15 Min. Continuous VDT Work
15 Min. Rest Break (10 Min. Minimum)after 2 Hrs. Continuous VDT Work (NIOSH)
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Control Measures
Environment Humidity: 50 - 70 % Room Temperature: 70 - 75 Degrees ( F ) Lighting: VDT - 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum
Office - 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum
Environment Humidity: 50 - 70 % Room Temperature: 70 - 75 Degrees ( F ) Lighting: VDT - 50 fc / 500 Lux Optimum
Office - 100 fc / 1,000 Lux Optimum
VDTOCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
SummaryEvaluation / Control Measures
VDTOCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS
SummaryEvaluation / Control Measures
Total Job Environment Workstation Design & Adjustment Physical Environment Task Design Training
Emphasize Good Ergonomics Design / Redesign / Adjustment
Promote On / Off Job Wellness
Total Job Environment Workstation Design & Adjustment Physical Environment Task Design Training
Emphasize Good Ergonomics Design / Redesign / Adjustment
Promote On / Off Job Wellness
QUESTIONS ?QUESTIONS ?
THANKS FOR LISTENING
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THANKS FOR LISTENING
TIME TO LOGOFF !
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