Who Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese Nationalist wanted __ to govern __
educated in Europe studied Karl MarxKarl Marx
Slide 13
Love of ethnic group Desire for homogenous nation Achieved by
self-determination Nationalism
Slide 14
Marxist: History is the result of class struggle Communist:
class struggle is bad & could be eliminated in a communist
society Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism locally Trotskyist: A
small group of undemocratic, professional revolutionaries must
establish communism globally Americas Cold War Perception of
Communism Communism: a godless, classless ideology orchestrated by
the Soviet Union dedicated to overthrowing the United States.
Slide 15
Some were OK with French rule Some were not Ho Chi Minh (Viet
Minh) Ngo Dinh Diem Dien Bien Phu 1 st Indochinese War, 1946 - 1954
1863 - 1942 1942 - 1945 1946 - 3:40 1950 1954 ? Saigon Hanoi WWII
Comm. Contain Nat. Home
Slide 16
Geneva Conference, 1954 French defeat at Dien Bien Phu Chart
the future for French Indochina Khmer Nation (Cambodia)Cambodia Lao
Nation (Laos)Laos Viet disengagement, separation, election, nation
Home
Slide 17
Geneva Conference, 1954 Laos Cambodia North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh
South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Future Plan Free elections Unified
Vietnam
Slide 18
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Containment I 1948 - 1949
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Containment II 1949 - last
Slide 21
Inhertances
Slide 22
Phase 1: Support The French (1945 1954) Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution USTIFICATION Dien Bien Phu French Loss Geneva Peace
Conference (1 colony = 4 nations)1 colony = 4 nations ASSESSMENT
Monetary and Military Material Aid for France STRATEGY Containment
OBJECTIVE Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle HYPOTHESIS
Slide 23
Phase 2: Eisenhower and Vietnam (1954 1961) Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution USTIFICATION Diem: not popular may need more help
Vietcong: South Vietnamese CommunistsSouth Vietnamese Communists
ASSESSMENT Nation Building N/S election cancelled Build a
Pro-American South VietnamPro-American South Vietnam Monetary and
Military Aid to South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Army of the Republic of
Vietnam (ARVN) STRATEGY Containment OBJECTIVE Communist Conspiracy
Domino Principle HYPOTHESIS
Slide 24
Phase 3: Kennedy and Vietnam (1961 1963) Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution USTIFICATION Diem: murderedASSESSMENT Nation Building
Build a Pro-American South Vietnam Military Advisors Military
Advisors to South Vietnam M ilitary A id & A dvisory G roup V
ietnam MAAGV ARVN VC _?_ 1963 16,000 MAAG V in S. Vietnam STRATEGY
Containment OBJECTIVE Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle
HYPOTHESIS
Slide 25
Phase 4: Johnson and Vietnam (1963 1968) Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution USTIFICATION Metric: body count & kill ratio >
taking ground Reports: We are winning!! ASSESSMENT 1964: Air Power
Operation Rolling Thunder to stop NVA from supplying VC to
devastate the Ho Chi Minh Traildevastate 1965: Ground Forces led by
General W. WestmorelandGeneral W. Westmoreland search & destroy
VC / NVAsearch & destroy STRATEGY Containment OBJECTIVE
Communist Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)VC
North Vietnam Army HYPOTHESIS
Slide 26
Phase 5: Tet offensive (1968) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
USTIFICATION Metric: body count & kill ratio > taking ground
Reports: We are winning!! ASSESSMENT 1964: Air Power Operation
Rolling Thunder to stop NVA from supplying VC to devastate the Ho
Chi Minh Traildevastate 1965: Ground Forces led by General W.
WestmorelandGeneral W. Westmoreland search & destroy VC /
NVAsearch & destroy STRATEGY Containment OBJECTIVE Communist
Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)VC North
Vietnam Army HYPOTHESIS
Slide 27
Phase 6: Nixon and Vietnam (1969 1970) Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution USTIFICATION ASSESSMENT Publically: Vietnamization
Privately: Cambodia STRATEGY Containment OBJECTIVE Communist
Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)VC North
Vietnam Army HYPOTHESIS PUBLIC Public dissatisfaction, anger,
mistrust Renewed anti-war activity on college campuses (Kent State)
Move to Dtente strategy
Slide 28
Phase 7: The Conclusion (1971 - 1973) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
USTIFICATION ASSESSMENT Linkage Negotiate a settlement with North
VietnamNorth Vietnam USA remove troops & return POWs remove
troops North Vietnam shut down Ho Chi Minh Trail & return
POWsHo Chi Minh Trail STRATEGY Containment OBJECTIVE Communist
Conspiracy Domino Principle VC North Vietnam Army (NVA)VC North
Vietnam Army HYPOTHESIS Detente: Peaceful coexistence with the
Communist world 1973: USA out (a promise if not a victory) 1975:
NVA invades South Vietnam
Slide 29
Slide 30
VC
Slide 31
MAAG-V 1963 16,000
Slide 32
Slide 33
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Slide 34
Slide 35
1965 75,000
Slide 36
Gen. William Westmoreland
Slide 37
Slide 38
Defoliation: Agent Orange
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Search and DestroySearch and Destroy
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Tet Offensive What Vietcong attack Simultaneous Multiple
Thought-To-Be Secure Areas Results There: Vietcong repulsedVietcong
repulsed Here: Credibility GapCredibility Gap I ve lost Cronkite I
ve lost Cronkite Election Year Nixon in 1968
Slide 45
Slide 46
NVA North Vietnamese Army
Slide 47
To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in
the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the
past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to
unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems
the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. On the off
chance that military and political analysts are right, in the next
few months we must test the enemy's intentions, in case this is
indeed his last big gasp before negotiations. But it is
increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out
then will be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable
people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did
the best they could. Walter Cronkite, February 1968
Slide 48
Slide 49
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Slide 53
Detente RapprochementSALT chart
Slide 54
Slide 55
Slide 56
Thursday, April 30 President Nixon announces the invasion of
Cambodia, triggering massive protests on many of the nation's
campuses. Saturday, May 2 Ohio National Guardsmen Ohio National
Guardsmen are sent to Kent State after the University's Army
R.O.T.C. building is burned down.Army R.O.T.C. building is burned
down. Sunday, May 3 Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes appears on campus
and promises to use every force possible to maintain order.every
force possible Monday, May 4 Four students are killed Four students
are killed and nine others are wounded when a contingent of
Guardsmen suddenly opens fire during a noontime demonstration. Kent
State
Slide 57
Slide 58
Slide 59
Slide 60
Slide 61
Nixon announces the invasion of Cambodia, triggering massive
protests on many of the nation's campuses. May 2 Ohio National
Guardsmen are sent to Kent State after the University's Army
R.O.T.C. building is burned down. May 3 Ohio Governor James A.
Rhodes personally appears on campus and promises to use "every
force possible" to maintain order. Rhodes denounces the protesters
as worse than brownshirts and vows to keep the Guard in Kent "until
we get rid of them." May 4 Four students are killed and nine others
are wounded when a contingent of Guardsmen suddenly opens fire
during a noontime demonstration.
Slide 62
Viet Cong (VC) AKA: National Liberation Front (NLF) Anti-Diem
Anti-Foreigner Pro-Minh Insurgency Guerillas Terrorists !? Freedom
Fighters!? NVA supplied Successful
Slide 63
Marxist: History is the result of class struggle Communist:
class struggle is bad & could be eliminated in a communist
society Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism locally Trotskyist: A
small group of undemocratic, professional revolutionaries must
establish communism globally Americas Cold War Perception of
Communism Communism: a godless, classless ideology orchestrated by
the Soviet Union dedicated to overthrowing the United States.
Slide 64
Marxist: History is the result of class struggle Communist:
class struggle is bad & could be eliminated in a communist
society Leninist: A small group of undemocratic, professional
revolutionaries must establish communism locally Trotskyist: A
small group of undemocratic, professional revolutionaries must
establish communism globally
Slide 65
Slide 66
Agenda Review Sheet (10) Pages 1- schedule 2- 50s Foreign
Policy 3- 50s Econ./Tech./Pol. 4- 60s: JFK 5- 60s: LBJ 6- Civil
Rights (a) 7- Civil Rights (b) 8- quiz 9- Vietnam (a) 10- Vietnam
(b) Johnsons War Looking Ahead Next Week: The 1970s Next Week:
Afterschool Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Exam . MC = Next Thursday
& DBQ Next Friday
Slide 67
Tet Offensive What Vietcong attack Simultaneous Multiple
Thought-To-Be Secure Areas Results There: Vietcong repulsedVietcong
repulsed Here: Credibility GapCredibility Gap I ve lost Cronkite I
ve lost Cronkite Election Year Nixon in 1968