© Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2018 1
VCE PHYSICAL EDUCATION – UNIT 4 AOS 2
Presented by Chris Hudd
Study design dot point:• Chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems to aerobic,
anaerobic and resistance training.
CHRONIC ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING (PART 1)
© Chris Hudd & Edrolo 2018 2
Cardiovascular level Muscular level
Theory summaryA long-term physiological change, in response to training loads, that allow the body to meet new demands.
Categorised as either:
Occur at the following levels (locations) of the body:
Overview – The chronic adaptations
Overview:
Aerobic adaptations
Anaerobic adaptations
Respiratory level
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Theory summaryThe effects of training are specific to the type of training undertaken and to the body system in which the physiological change is occurring.
Types of training
Overview:
Image sources: http://www.mildenhall.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/273033/the-male-runner-looking-for-a-new-personal-record/ | http://www.dodlive.mil/2018/05/24/navy-seals-murph-challenge-has-become-big-memorial-day-deal/
Aerobic adaptations
Anaerobic adaptations
Aerobic training methods
e.g. continuous, Fartlek, long
interval
Anaerobic training methods
e.g. Plyometrics, resistance,
short interval
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Structural change Functional changes
Theory summaryAdaptations can either be structural (physical make-up) or functional (how it operates), and all lead to improved performance.
Below is a worked example of the effects of aerobic training on the heart.
Structural and functional change
Overview:
• increase size of left ventricle chamber
• increase stroke volume• decrease heart rate
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Theory summaryIn this lesson we will focus on the following adaptations:
Chronic adaptations
Overview:
Aerobic adaptations
Cardiovascular levelRespiratory level
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Theory summaryWhen discussing changes at the respiratory level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s lungs.
Any changes at a respiratory level ultimately leads to an increase in the levels of oxygen that we are able to intake.
Respiratory adaptations during aerobic training
Goal=
Increased oxygen intake
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Structural change Functional changes
• Increased lung volume• Greater alveolar-capillary
surface area
• Increased tidal volume(submax and max)
• Decreased respiratory rate(submax and max)
• Increased pulmonarydiffusion
• Decreased ventilation (restand submax)
• Increased ventilation (max)• Increased ventilatory
efficiency
Theory summaryBelow is a summary of the respiratory adaptations associated with aerobic training.
The respiratory changes that occur in the lungs
• Increase sites for gas exchange
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Theory summaryAn increase in lung volume or capacity will increase the amount of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. This ultimately means that an athlete is able to intake more air, and have greater volumes of oxygen available for delivery and consumption.
Increased lung volume
Structural change Functional changes
• Increased lung volume • Increased tidal volume(submax and max)
• Decreased respiratory rate(submax and max)
• Decreased ventilation (restand submax)
• Increased ventilation (max)• Increased ventilatory
efficiency
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Structural change Functional changes
• Increased alveolar-capillarysurface area
• Increased pulmonarydiffusion
Theory summaryAn increase in the volume of the lungs leads to an increase in the available surface area of the alveolar-capillary interface.
An increase in the surface area between the alveoli air sacs and the blood vessels increases the number of sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.
Increased alveolar-capillary surface area
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Theory summaryWhen discussing changes at the cardiovascular level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Any changes at a cardiovascular level ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to transport.
Cardiovascular adaptations – Aerobic training
Goal=
Increased oxygen
transport
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Theory summaryAerobic training leads to an increase in the size of the left ventricular cavity. An increase in the volume of this heart chamber has a number of beneficial functional changes for an aerobic athlete’s cardiovascular system.
The cardiovascular changes that occur in the lungs
Structural change Functional changes
• Increased left ventricle size • Increased stroke volume• Decreased heart rate (rest
and submax)• Decreased steady state
heart rate• Decreased recovery heart
rates• Increased cardiac output
(maximal)
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Structural change Functional changes
• Increased capillarisation ofskeletal muscles
• Increased blood flow toskeletal muscles
Theory summaryAerobic training leads to an increase in the density of capillaries that surround the working muscles. This will ultimately lead to an increase in the supply of oxygen and other nutrients.
Blood vessels
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Structural change Functional changes
• Increased blood plasma• Increased red blood cell
count• Increased haemoglobin• Increased high-density
lipoproteins
• Increased blood volume• Decreased low-density
lipoproteins• Decreased blood pressure
Theory summaryAerobic training leads to a number of changes related to the composition of an athlete’s blood.
Blood
• increase HDL (good fats)
(bad fats)
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Multiple choice activityA 38-year-old mother of two has decided to undertake an endurance running program to participate in the Melbourne Marathon in October.
Chronic respiratory adaptations, as a result of her participating in an 8 week training program to improve aerobic capacity, would include:
A. decreased resting heart rate, increased pulmonary diffusion, improved efficiency of the respiratory muscles.
B. increased myoglobin, increased cardiac output at maximal levels, improved pulmonary diffusion.
C. increased mitochondria, improved efficiency of the respiratory muscles, increased cardiac output.
D. improved efficiency of the respiratory muscles, improved pulmonary diffusion, increased total lung volume.
E. I don’t know.
(Written by the author)
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Multiple choice – ResponseA 38-year-old mother of two has decided to undertake an endurance running program to participate in the Melbourne Marathon in October.
Chronic respiratory adaptations, as a result of her participating in an 8 week training program to improve aerobic capacity, would include:
A. decreased resting heart rate, increased pulmonary diffusion, improved efficiency of therespiratory muscles.
B. increased myoglobin, increased cardiac output at maximal levels, improved pulmonarydiffusion.
C. increased mitochondria, improved efficiency of the respiratory muscles, increased cardiacoutput.
D. improved efficiency of the respiratory muscles, improved pulmonary diffusion, increasedtotal lung volume.
E. I don’t know.
(Written by the author)
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What chronic adaptation is shown in the graph below?
A. Increased stroke volume
B. Decreased stroke volume
C. Decreased resting heart rate
D. Increased resting heart rate
E. I don’t know.
(2016 VCAA Exam Section A Q13)
Multiple choice activity
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What chronic adaptation is shown in the graph below?
A. Increased stroke volume
B. Decreased stroke volume
C. Decreased resting heart rate (41% correct)
D. Increased resting heart rate
E. I don’t know.
Multiple choice – Response
(2016 VCAA Exam Section A Q13)
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The adaptation shown in the graph is possible because:
A. Stroke volume increases so the heart does not need to beat as often.
B. Oxygen consumption increases so the heart does not need to beat as often
C. Resting heart rate increases to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the working muscles
D. Stroke volume and heart rate decrease due to an increase in the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.
E. I don’t know.
(2016 VCAA Exam Section A Q14)
Multiple choice activity
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The adaptation shown in the graph is possible because:
A. Stroke volume increases so the heart does not need to beat as often. (59% correct)
B. Oxygen consumption increases so the heart does not need to beat as often
C. Resting heart rate increases to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the working muscles
D. Stroke volume and heart rate decrease due to an increase in the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.
E. I don’t know.
Multiple choice – Response
(2016 VCAA Exam Section A Q14)
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