Using Open Source GISto Analyze Public Health Data
Geog 596aCapstone Proposal Peer Review
Advisor: Frank HardistyPenn State MGIS
July 2008
Considering presenting at
URISA’s GIS in Public Health ConferencePutting Health in Place with GIS
June 5-8, 2009 - Providence, Rhode Island
Outline Presentation
• Introduce Capstone
• Introduce Open Source
• Describe Datasets
• Describe Analyzes
• Open Source Applications Re-visited
Capstone Objective• Employ open source applications to evaluate the spatial relationship of
persons with asthma that are within 200% of the federal poverty level*
• Secondary Objective– Create an open source GIS model for other organizations to follow
– Create a web based GIS with little or no capital investment
* Defined by the Department of Health and Human Services
Open Source
• Better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in
• Must comply with 10 criteriafor example
• Free redistribution
• Open access to the source code
• License must be technology-neutral
Source: Open Source Initiative
Significance of Open Source
• Leading edge of technology– Always has been
– Becoming part of mainstream computing
– Where propriety software often gets its ideas and base code
• Runs on older and newer computers
• Large learning curve
• Community Supported– Ask the right question Get help
• ie: show that you tried to fix the problem, not just ask for help
• The “tweak factor”– A lot of times it does not work out of the box
– Once configured, it just works, and works, and…
Open Source
ProprietaryIntegration
CommunityDeveloped
“Ease of Use”
$$$
FuturePresentPast
ProprietaryIntegration
CommunityDeveloped
$$$
CommunitySupported
CommunityDeveloped
Ease of Use&
“just works”
Supportedby a largercommunity
Supportedby a select
group
ProprietaryIntegration
“Ease of Use”
Mainstreamintegration the
Black Hole
Open Source Applications
• Linux (Ubuntu) - operating system
• GRASS GIS - spatial analysis, desktop display; plug-in for R-Spatial
• R-Spatial - statistical package
• PostGIS – spatially enabled database
• QGIS – desktop display; plug-in for GRASS
• OpenLayers - web map interface
• MapServer – GIS server; web map interface
Asthma Dataset• From the UNMCare program at the
University of New Mexico Hospital.
• UNMCare is a healthcare coverage program for low-income families in Bernalillo County, NM.
• Data provided by the New Mexico Department of Health and the UNM Health Sciences Center.
Attributes of UNMCare Dataset
• Medical Record Number (Unique ID)• Street level address (de-identified down to
a census block to satisfy HIPPA)• Primary, secondary, and tertiary
diagnostics (ICD-9 Codes)• Visit type (inpatient, outpatient)• Race, gender, and age• Visit start and end date• Cost to health care system
US Census Data• Tract
– Housing type• cost, own/rent
• Block Group– Age– Race– Gender– Employment– Income
• Block– Population
GIS data clearinghouse for New Mexicohttp://rgis.unm.edu/data_entry.cfm
Emission Data
• Sources:
– City of Albuquerque
– EPA
• Constituents:– Particulate Matter <10 µm (PM10)
– Particulate Matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5)
– Sulfur Dioxide– Carbon Monoxide– Ozone
Work Flow
ObtainHospital, Census,and Environmental
Data
Load DataInto PostGIS
Install OpenSource
Applications
Display dataIn GIS
for QA/QC(GRASS, QGIS)
PerformNon-Spatial
Analysis(R-spatial)
Perform SpatialAnalysis
(PostGIS, Grasswith R-spatial
Add-on)
Display inWeb GIS
(OpenLayers)
De-identify UNMData
(PostGIS)
Analysis - demographics
• Identify census blocks with higher percentages of asthma admissions
• Look for spatial clustering and correlations between persons with asthma and:– Race, age, and gender– Housing type (own/rent, # of units, cost)
• bias that low-income households have sub-standard living conditions
Analysis – air quality• Identify census blocks with higher
percentages of asthma admissions
• Does a correlation exist between asthma admissions and proximity to an air quality monitoring station that exhibits poor air quality?– If correlation exists, compare the ratios of
PM10, PM2.5, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. Is
one constituent present more often than another?
Analysis – air qualitycontinued
• Does a correlation exist between asthma admissions and proximity to a major traffic corridor?
• Do low-income households cluster near air monitoring stations?
EU
BA
NK
2
5
1
4
3I40
I40
I25
I25
WHERE DO LOW-INCOME ADULTS LIVE IN BERNALILLO COUNTY?
Most low-income adults live in the southern half of the city and along the north-south corridor.
121,173 adults in Bernalillo County earn less than 200% of the federal poverty level. This number represents 30% of the population 18 years of age or older.
COUNTY COMMISSION DISTRICT
% LOW-INCOME ADULTS (<200% FPL)< 13.7%13.7 to 22.1%22.1 to 32.8%32.8 to 46.8%46.8 to 69.8%
Source: Tom Scharmen, NMDOH
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EU
BA
NK
2
5
1
4
3
ALBUQUERQUE, NM
WHAT PERCENT OF LOW-INCOME ADULTS ARE ON UNM CARE? 11.2% of Low-
Income Adults were Enrolled in UNMCare on July 2003.
An estimated 13,513 low-income adults were enrolled in UNMCare in July 2003 of the 121,173 adults in the County earning less than 200% of the federal poverty level.
The census tracts with the best UNMCare enrollment rates are not in the poorest sections of the county.
COUNTY COMMISSION DISTRICT
% LOW-INCOME ENROLLED IN UNMCARE0 to 6.3%6.3 to 10.0%10.0 to 13.1%13.1 to 17.2%17.2 to 22.5%
Source: Tom Scharmen, NMDOH
Open Source Applicationsre-visited
Briefly discuss features and uses– GRASS GIS– R-spatial– PostGIS– QGIS– OpenLayers– MapServer
Grass GIS• Used for Desktop GIS
– Map generation – Data visualization (2D, 2.5D and 3D) – Spatial analysis– Modeling
• Data formats supported– Raster (2D and 3D) – Vector (2D and 3D) – Vector Point
• DBMS Support– PostgreSQL/PostGIS, mySQL, SQLite, ODBC, ...
• Supported platforms– Linux, Windows, Mac, and Handhelds
R-spatial
• R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics
• Provides a variety of statistical and graphical techniques – linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical
tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering
• Runs on Linux, Windows and Mac. • Provides classes and methods for spatial data
– points, lines, polygons, grids
• Add-in package for GRASS GIS
PostGIS
• PostGIS "spatially enables" the PostgreSQL database.
• It is a database server used as a backend spatial database for geographic information systems (GIS)
• Functions like ESRI's SDE or Oracle's Spatial extension.
• Supports Linux, Windows and Mac
PostGIScontinued
The following is an example of a PostGIS script. The script can be called within a GIS, command line, web page, etc.
The below example is a script that locates features within a distance of 5km.
Source: http://postgis.refractions.net/support/wiki/index.php?ExamplesFindNearby
QGIS
• Quantum GIS (QGIS) runs on Linux, Windows, and Mac
• Supports many vector, raster, and database formats
• Supports many common spatial data formats (e.g. ESRI ShapeFile, geotiff)
• Supports many plug-ins – display tracks from a GPS
– Perform spatial analysis and model via GRASS GIS
OpenLayers
• Web map application that displays geographic data from a variety of sources and data types– Geographic data in DBMS and text files– MapServer– Aerial Photography (Virtual Earth, Google Maps,
Yahoo Maps, TerraServer)– WMS, WFS – USGS Topographic Maps and DEMs– TIGER data
• Client-sided (javascript and AJAX); browser independent
MapServer
• Server-sided GIS for building spatially-enabled internet applications.
• Best for rendering spatial data for the web. • Cross-platform support
– Linux, Windows, and Mac
• Support many raster and vector data formats– TIFF/GeoTIFF, EPPL7, etc– ESRI shapfiles, PostGIS, ESRI ArcSDE, Oracle Spatial, MySQL,
etc
• Is a WMS and WFS client/server• Offers map projection support• On-the-fly map projection
MapServer ExampleSource:
http://maps.hostgis.com/mww-lib/?template=template2&map=/maps/rthicks/mapfile.map
Links to Data and Applications
GRASS GIS http://grass.itc.it/
MapServer http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/
New Mexico State Air Quality Bureau
http://air.state.nm.us/
OpenLayers http://www.openlayers.org/
Open Source Initiative http://www.opensource.org/
PostGIS http://postgis.refractions.net/
QGIS http://www.qgis.org/
R-spatial http://www.r-project.org/index.html
Ubuntu http://www.ubuntu.com/
US Census Data (RGIS) http://rgis.unm.edu/data_entry.cfm
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