U.S. History 101
Settlement
“Indians”
• No confirmed date of settlement. Estimates = 30,000-15,000 years ago
• Migrated from Asia via a “land-bridge” during the last Ice Age over the Bering Strait
• Nomads – people that move homes in search of food.
• Problems with this termColumbus initially incorrectly thought
he landed in IndiaThe term suggest a homogenous group
when in reality each tribe was very different
Chapter 1: The Atlantic World, to 1600
Scientists believe that the lowered Ocean level exposed a land bridge between Siberia and what is now Alaska. The first Americans probably followed their animal herds across this land bridge, called Beringia.
Native American Culture
Native American Shared Customs and Beliefs
• Social Structure – based on family relationships or kinship Organized into clans Sachem – Native American leader
• Religion – spiritual forces most potent Rituals No ritual = disasters
• Preserving Culture – oral history
• Barter – trading goods/services without money Why? Necessity, friendliness and hospitality. Sign of respect
• Land – could not be owned, thus not traded. Only used. Deserved respect. Sacred. Very different than European view
Go Tribe!
World of West Africans
Pre-1400s • Peaceful relations• Portugal and Spain traded for gold
• Two main kingdoms: Benin and Songhai Known for trade and art
• Europe – land was scarce, thus valuable
• Africa – land was plentiful, thus power was based on # of people ruled
African Slavery
• Who were slaves?Those cut off from lineageThose captured in warKidnapped
• Different Concept of SlaveryAdopted into the kinship group of
their ownersOffspring not necessarily slavesCould be soldiers/administrators, not
just physical laborersCould marry into lineage
The Atlantic World is Born
Christopher Columbus
• Claimed to be born Cristoforo Colombo in 1451 in Genoa, Italy
• Commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
• Seeking “Indies” – China, India and other Asian lands.
Dispelling Myths• Europe knew the world was round • Numerous natives were already living here thus
“knew” America existed. There was no “discovery”
• 500 years earlier Vikings explored it • Could others have?
Egyptian and Mayan similarities• He knew he reached a new continent
Reasons for the Voyage
The Voyage
• Personal fame and fortune• Spread Catholicism• Economic Motives – gold, spices, goods• Bypass Muslims and find new trade
route between Asia and Europe• Conquer peoples and land• Rivalry with Portugal
• Took one month• 3 ships: Niña, Pinta & Santa Maria• October 12, 1492 - landed somewhere
in the Caribbean, most likely Bahamas
Columbus
Meetings with the Natives
• Natives were the Tainos, part of the Arawaks
• Greeted the Europeans and gave them gifts
• Kidnapped 10-25 natives to take back to Spain.
• Sailed home in January 1493
Columbus and Natives
Later Voyages
• Returned 3 more times.• Explored new lands• Demanded food, gold, spun cotton and sex• Utilized harsh punishments for natives. (ex.
cut off ears and noses of natives for even minor offenses)
• Natives began to rebel Stopped planting food Abandoned towns near Spanish settlements
• Resistance gave Columbus an excuse to make war Superior armor/weapons: metal Disease began killing natives (viewed as
God’s approval of Europeans conquering Americans)
Began enslaving the defeated
More Voyages
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494)
• Agreement between Spain, Portugal and the Pope to divide all land not claimed by other Christians
• Line of demarcation West = Spain East = Portugal
• Lasted less than 100 years
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
Chapter 2: European Colonization of Americas (1492-1752)
Spanish Explorer/
ConquistadorWhen Accomplishment
Ponce de León 1513 Sough to capture natives as slaves. Myth = sought the “fountain of youth.” Explored modern-day Florida.
Balboa 1513 First European to see the Pacific Ocean. Successfully crossed the isthmus of Panama.
Magellan 1519-1522 First person to circumnavigate the earth, rounding the tip of South America. Died en route.
Cortés 1519-1521 Conquered the Aztec empire.
Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico
1528 Got shipwrecked and wandered Texas for 8 years. Lived with natives who told of Seven Cities of Cibola that had lots of gold.
Pizarro 1531-1533 Conquered the Inca empire.
de Soto 1539-1542 Explored Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Sought the “cities of gold.” First to cross the Mississippi River.
Coronado 1540-1542 Explored the southwest all the way to Kansas for Quivira, one of the cities of gold.
Avilés 1565 Established St. Augustine, the first permanent colony in the U.S. in modern-day Florida in 1565.
Encomienda System
Bartolome de las Casas
• Introduced by Columbus• Colonists received the right to have a certain
number of American Indians work for them• They built houses, mined gold, farmed, and
hunted• Colonists taught their servants the Catholic
religion
• Spanish priest that wrote against the harsh treatment of American Indians
• Questioned the encomienda system• Within a century, this system ended• It ended, because in most places more than
90 percent of the American Indians died from overwork, malnutrition, and the main cause of death: disease
Pueblo Revolt
(1680)
• Pueblos are a tribe near Santa Fe, New Mexico
• 1670s was a time of widespread disease and drought
• Began turning away from Catholicism and back to their traditional religion
• Popé led a revolt, driving the Spanish out for 12 years
• Destroyed the encomienda system
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves
Mestizo • Spain was unique as they encouraged Spanish settlers to intermarry with natives.
• This mixed race was called mestizos.
• Why?
The English Explorers
English Explorers
Sir Francis Drake
Why England Sought Settlements
Lost Colony of Roanoke
• John Cabot (1497) – Newfoundland• Henry Hudson (1609) – Bay & River
• Famous privateer – those who raided Spanish treasure ships and cities in America with the Crown’s approval.
• First Englishman to sail around the world
• Riches. Stealing from Spain.• Northwest Passage• New markets for English goods• England was getting too crowded
• First English colony established at Roanoke Island by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 and 1587.
• Settlers vanished without a trace by 1590
1588 – English defeat the Spanish Armada
Shifts the balance of power in Europe and the world
Jamestown
John Smith
Pocahontas
• Received a charter to form a joint-stock company to build a colony.
• Established in 1607. Chose a site 60 miles from the mouth of the James River.
• Colony had a governor and legislature called the House of Burgesses set up in 1619.
• 1624 – King James revokes the charter and made Virginia a royal colony.
Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay
Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement
(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)
Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement
(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)
Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver.Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco
Promised Land
Indentured Servants
Conflict with Natives
• Heart of the economy
• Needed laborers to work tobacco fields.• Headright System - all settlers got 50 acres
• Those who could not afford the voyage could agree to work for a master for 7 years. The master paid the price of the voyage, as well as provided food and shelter.
• English sought to outright conquer all peoples• 1622 – Natives attack Jamestown killing 350
settlers (25%). • Settlers respond in kind• Primary reason: misunderstandings of desires
and motivations
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Population increased & settlers moved west for land. Many were former indentured servants.
• Current landowners were buying more land and servants. King and local government supported them.
• Clashed with natives• Gov. William Berkeley refused to help.• Bacon sympathized and raised a private army to fight
the natives• Berkeley felt slighted and ordered his army to
suppress Bacon• Bacon turned his army against Berkeley, burning
Jamestown and controlled most of Virginia• Bacon died suddenly and the rebellion ended• Importance:
showed settlers were frustrated with a government that only cared about a small # of wealthy planters
Showed poorer colonists were unwilling to tolerate such a government
Nathaniel Bacon
New England
Pilgrims
Mayflower
Hardships
• Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine
• Economy: trade, shipping, fishing
• Pilgrims were separatists – those that separated from the Church of England.
• Wanted to escape religious persecution
• Prior to sailing much of NE was ravaged by a variety of plagues killing most of the native populations
• 1620 – 102 settlers (only 35 Pilgrims) set sail and landed set up a colony at Plymouth, Mass.
• En route they signed the Mayflower Compact, which stated all would obey government laws.
• Importance: set the precedent of self-government
• Over half died the first winter• Squanto showed them how to plant corn• 1621 - First Thanksgiving
New England Colonies
Massachusetts Bay Colony
City Upon a Hill
• 1630 – 1,000 settlers sail and settle the MBC
• Great Migration continued for many years.
• By 1643 there were 20,000 settlers in MBC
• Why?Puritans who wanted to worship as
they pleased• Puritans were NOT religiously tolerant• Everything revolved around the church
• Notion that their colony and America would be an example of an idealism
John Winthrop
Examination of a “Witch”
Hanging a “Witch”
Puritan Dissent
• Minister that was banished from MBC Claimed settlers could only legally attain
land by purchasing it from the natives Believed the gov should not interfere or
punish settlers over religious matters• 1635 – settled new colony of Providence, Rhode
Island
• Other dissenters New Haven, Connecticut Exeter, New Hampshire
• Denied the church’s notion of predestination• Believed its wrong to obey the church if the
individual felt they were defying God• Stood trial and was banished in 1638
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
• Metacom aka King Philip – sachem that united NE tribes• Effect: English conquered nearly all of New England
Middle Colonies
Middle Colonies
• New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania
• Economy: trade, farming, furs
• Proprietary colonies – granted by the monarch to person(s) who had full governing rights.
• New York – settled by the Dutch in 1624 Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island for $24 1644 – British take control of NY from Dutch
• Pennsylvania – settled by Quaker William Penn in 1681 Preached religious tolerance and good relations
with natives
Peter Minuit
William Penn
More Like Later More Like Later America Than Other America Than Other
Regions!Regions!
More Like Later More Like Later America Than Other America Than Other
Regions!Regions!Economic diversity.
Large cities more cosmopolitan culture.
Some slavery [6%-12% of the population].
Ethnic and religious diversity.
Religious toleration.
“Bread Colonies.”
Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn
Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn
Southern Colonies
Southern Colonies
• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. All proprietary colonies.
• Economy: tobacco, rice, indigo
• Maryland – originally to be a haven for Roman Catholics from England Brainchild of George Calvert, but he died before
settlement Son Lord Baltimore took over and settled in 1634. Maryland Toleration Act (1649) - guaranteed
toleration to all Christians
George Calvert
Carolinas
Georgia
• Established in 1663• Split into North and South in 1712
• Settled in 1732
• Run by trustees led by James Oglethorpe
• Haven for English debtors and to provide a buffer between Spanish Florida
James Oglethorpe
1600s
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts
• England used the colonies for raw materials and markets for their goods
• Left colonies aloneEnglish Civil War (1640-1660)Glorious Revolution (1688)
• Countries should acquire as much bullion, gold or silver, as possible
• Required colonies to sell certain goods (sugar, tobacco, cotton) only to England
• If they sold goods to other countries, the goods must first be sent to England and taxed
• Must use English ships for trade
An Empire and Its Colonies
Ranks in Colonial Society
• Colonial Society was based upon ranks.
• Whites superior to Blacks
• Rich superior to poor
• Men superior to women.
Class
Occupations
• Gentry – wealthy and landowners. Wigs, silk stockings, lace cuffs Powdered faces white Mansions, parties with other gentry Educated—sent their children to school
• Ordinary people wore plain shirts, pants, dresses
• Artisans Apprentices – learning a trade from another person via contract
• Printers Ben Franklin – Poor Richard’s Almanac John Peter Zenger – won court case that instilled freedom of the
press• Farmers
Plantations and self-sufficient farms• Fishermen
Life in Colonial America
Education
Women
• Only the rich went to school.• Colleges – mostly trained ministers and lawyers
Harvard, MA (1636) William & Mary, VA (1693) Yale, CT (1701)
• Women could not vote, hold office or serve jury duty. Had no political or religious voice.
• Widows and unmarried women could own property• Managed the household: cooking, gardening,
washing, cleaning, weaving, sewing.• Helped with childbirth• Shared tools/equipment• Trained daughters to become mothers
• Goal: make the household self-sufficient• Children expected to work from a young age
Africans Enslaved
• Spain and Portugal set up plantations Produced crops for sale i.e. cash crops First cash crop = sugar Natives were first used as labor, but began
dying from disease and were unaccustomed to the work
• 1517 – first enslaved Africans arrive in America Quickly turned into a major industry
• Estimated that 9 to 11 million West Africans were abducted and taken to the Americas during the slavery era
“Black” Gold for Sale!“Black” Gold for Sale!
The Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade
African CaptivesAfrican Captives
Slave Ship PlanSlave Ship Plan
“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship
Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior
Onboard the Slave ShipOnboard the Slave Ship
Revolt Aboard a Slave Ship
Revolt Aboard a Slave Ship
African Captives Thrown Overboard
African Captives Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships across the Atlantic!
Notice of a Slave AuctionNotice of a Slave Auction
First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York City
- 17c)
First Slave AuctionNew Amsterdam (Dutch New York City
- 17c)
Slave Auction in the Southern U. S.
Slave Auction in the Southern U. S.
Inspection and SaleInspection and Sale
Slave Master BrandsSlave Master Brands
Slave With Iron MuzzleSlave With Iron Muzzle
30 Lashes30 Lashes
Whipped Slave, early 1 9c
Whipped Slave, early 1 9c
A Slave LynchingA Slave Lynching
Negro Hung Alive by Waist
Negro Hung Alive by Waist
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
1789 wrote and published autobiography detailing his experiences
Slave Laws/Codes
Revolts
• Virginia – 1661 first slave code• Laws varied from state to state• General laws. They could not:
• Board ships• Travel out of town w/o a pass
• Stono Rebellion (1739) – SC slaves kill 20+ whites, burn armory and run for Spanish Florida. They were caught and killed.
• 50 revolts from 1740-1800• Most resistance came from acting like they
misunderstood directions or faking illness
North America in 1 750North America in 1 750
Westward Expansion
Great Awakening
• Needed more land due to high birth rate and immigrants
• Began bumping into natives and French territory
• 1730s and 1740s• Ministers felt colonists fell away from
beliefs of Puritan ancestors• Effect: encouraged settlers to speak
for themselves and rely less on ministers/books
George Whitefield
Jonathan Edwards
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