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Urology under the Swastika
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Dirk Schultheiss EAU History Office
Archivist, DGU
Private Practice for Dermatology and Urology
and
Department of Urology, Protestant Hospital
Giessen, Germany
Urology under the Swastika
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Urology under the Swastika
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NS - Research Group of the DGU • Medizingeschichte, TU Dresden
(Prof. em. Dr. Albrecht Scholz, Julia Bellmann M.A.)
• Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Universität Ulm
(Prof. Dr. Heiner Fangerau, Matthis Krischel M.A.)
• Nitze-Leiter Research Society, Vienna
(Univ.-Doz. Dr. Manfred Skopec, Mag. Friederike Butta-Bieck)
• Curator/Historian of the AUA (Prof. Dr. Rainer Engel)
• DGU (Prof. Dr. Dirk Schultheiss, Dr. Friedrich Moll M.A.)
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Identifying urologists
• Member lists of the DGU (GRU) and other
societies
• Publications in medical journals
• Archives
• Claims for compensation after WW II
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Combinations of medical
specialization with Urology (1933)
72,9%
0,2%
10,4%
0,3% 16,2%
Dermatology
Gynecology
Surgery
Int. Medicine
Urology
n = 866
(n=142 in 1937)
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Percentage of Jewish urologists
(total nr of 866 urologists)
577; 67%
237; 27%
52; 6%
"Aryan"
"Jewish"
unknown
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Physicians working as urologists
(Jewish) • Berlin 115
• Frankfurt am Main 10
• Breslau 9
• Hamburg 8
• München 8
• Nürnberg 6
• Köln 6
• Stuttgart 5
• Leipzig 5
• Königsberg 5
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Biographies of Jewish urologists
• 129 persons emigrated (2 returned)
• 36 persons were deported (only 1 survived)
• 40 persons died (10 cases of suicide
documented)
• 5 persons were able to survive in Germany
(marriage with Aryans, WW I veterans)
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Women in urology
• Johanna Hellmann
1890-1981, surgeon and urologist, Kiel-Berlin, emigrated to Sweden
• Lene Fabian-Grumach
1894-1963?, dermatologist and urologist, Königsberg, emigrated to the US
• Dora Gerson
1884-1941, dermatologist and urologist, Dresden
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Destinations for emigration USA 56
Palästina 24
Großbritannien 12
Unbekanntes Ziel 6
Frankreich 5
Holland 4
Ägypten 3
Südafrika, Schweden, China Je 2
Belgien, Siam, Chile,
Mandschuko, Kanada,
Bolivien, Brasilien,
Uruguay, Mexiko, Ecuador
Je 1
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Reichs-German
Society of Urology
• Founded 1933/34
• Otto Ringleb
• Way to exclude
Austrian Jews
• DGU inactive
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1. Congress Day
GRU 1936 Eisenach
• Urology and public health
• Urology and social insurancy
• Gonorrhea and marriage
• Urology and heredity (malformations)
• Sterilization in males and females
Zeitschrift für Urologie 30 (1936)
“Urology and Public Health”
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Urology under the Swastika
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Compulsory sterilizationen
“Law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring“
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Offender profiles
• a) convinced National Socialists and anti-Semites or physicians expecting a better position for themselves after elimination of their Jewish colleagues from medical profession;
• b) “followers“ attracted by the strengthened role of physicians as “care taker“ of public health and by the improved economic situation of physicians under the Nazi regime;
• c) urologists taking advantage of the Nazi system in order to establish independency of urology as an own medical speciality (no longer directed by surgeons).
Authors: Alain Jardin, Bernard Lobel, Bruno Halioua
France
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1945 2000
François Wetterwald (1911-1993)
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Ioannis Pavlakis
(1917-2005)
Member of ELAS
(Greek Popular Liberation Army)
Greece Authors: Stefanos Pavlakis, Christos Alamanis
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(1896-1944)
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Imre Deutsch
Hungary Author: Imre Romics
Prof. Jozef Jaksy
(1900-1991)
Slovakia Author: Jan Breza
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“The Righteous Among The Nations”
Yad Vashem
Edwin Beer
(1876-1938)
USA Authors: Rainer Engel, Mike Moran, Friedrich Moll
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Urology 2000 (56); 182-184
Argentina Author: Norberto Fredotovitch
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• born: 15.10.1894 in Berlin
• died: ?
• Approbation: 1920
• 1926 continues the urology office of his father
Prof. Jacob Cohn
• 1933 Emigration to Palestine and urology
office in Tel Aviv
• Since 1979 retired in Herzlia Pituach (suburb
of Tel Aviv)
Dr. Bruno Cohn
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• born: 26.12.1888 in Lublinitz/ Upper Silesia
• died :15.1.1979 in Tel Aviv/ Israel
• 1924 assistant to Prof von Lichtenberg at
St. Hedwigs Hospital, Berlin
• Emigration to Palestine Nov. 1935
• 1940 Tel Aviv, Nathan Strauss St. 3
• 1942 and 1948 Tel Aviv, Pinsker St. 13
Dr. Erich Siedner
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Dirk Schultheiss EAU History Office
Archivist, DGU
Private Practice for Dermatology and Urology
and
Department of Urology, Protestant Hospital
Giessen, Germany
Urology under the Swastika
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